Table 2.
Univariate Cox regression for predictors of new permanent pacemaker implantation
| Variable | Category |
TAVR-PPI (n = 812, events = 145) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P | ||
| Demographic data | |||
| Age, Y | Per 1-Y increase | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.450 |
| Gender | Female vs male | 1.41 (1.02–1.95) | 0.040 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | Per 1 kg/m² increase | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.999 |
| Medical history | |||
| Smoker | Yes, vs no | 0.85 (0.53–1.37) | 0.508 |
| Atrial fibrillation | Yes, vs no | 1.03 (0.73–1.47) | 0.852 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | Yes, vs no | 1.27 (0.82–1.96) | 0.291 |
| Medication | |||
| Insulin | Yes, vs no | 1.41 (0.85–2.35) | 0.186 |
| Oral diabetic | Yes, vs no | 0.87 (0.60–1.25) | 0.448 |
| Statins | Yes, vs no | 1.67 (1.08–2.59) | 0.022 |
| Statin intensity (only among users) | High vs low/moderate | 0.59 (0.40–0.86) | 0.006 |
| Laboratory | |||
| White blood cells, K/uL | Per 1 K/μL increase | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 0.015 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | Per 1 mg/dL increase | 1.00 (0.999–1.01) | 0.136 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | Per 1 mg/dL increase | 1.14 (0.98–1.32) | 0.089 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Septum thickness, mm | Per 1 mm increase | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 0.027 |
| LVEF, % | Per 1% increase | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.689 |
| Aortic valve peak gradient, mm Hg | Per 1 mm Hg increase | 1.00 (0.999–1.01) | 0.119 |
| Aortic valve mean gradient, mm Hg | Per 1 mm Hg increase | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.256 |
| Aortic valve area, cm² | Per 1 cm² increase | 1.19 (0.62–2.28) | 0.595 |
| Procedural parameters | |||
| Valve type | BEV vs SEV | 0.64 (0.44–0.94) | 0.021 |
| Valve size | Per 1 mm increase | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 0.001 |
| Post dilatation | Yes, vs no | 0.83 (0.57–1.20) | 0.310 |
| Procedural time, min | Per 1 min increase | 1.00 (0.999–1.01) | 0.055 |
| Electrocardiography & CT | |||
| QTc Interval, ms | Per 1 ms increase | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.069 |
| RBBB | Yes, vs no | 3.25 (1.66–6.39) | 0.001 |
| LBBB | Yes, vs no | 1.97 (0.87–4.45) | 0.105 |
| LAHB | Yes, vs no | 1.27 (0.79–2.03) | 0.329 |
| LVOT calcification | Moderate/severe vs none/mild | 0.83 (0.47–1.47) | 0.525 |
| Annulus area, mm2 | Per 1 mm² increase | 1.001 (1.000–1.002) | 0.041 |
| Annulus perimeter, mm | Per 1 mm increase | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.358 |
Boldface indicates significance. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived using univariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Continuous variables were modelled per one-unit increase in their original measurement scale (eg, per 1 mg/dL for cholesterol, per 1% for LVEF, per 1 mm for septal thickness, and per 1 ms for QTc interval).
BEV, balloon expandable valve; BMI, body mass index; LAHB, left anterior hemiblock, LBBB, left bundle branch block; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; RBBB, right bundle branch block; SEV, self-expanding valve; TAVR-PPI, transcatheter aortic valve replacement-permanent pacemaker implantation.