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. 2026 Aug 4;17:1896630. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1896630

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Copyright © 2026 Ding, Liu, Zhang, Yang, Jiang and Jiang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A shows a heatmap of Pearson correlation coefficients for three positive quality control samples, with high correlations ranging from 0.986 to 1. Panel B presents a principal components analysis plot displaying groupings of samples by class along PC1 and PC2 axes, highlighted with colored ellipses. Panel C features a pie chart depicting percentage distributions of chemical classes in Class I, with lipids and lipid-like molecules being the most abundant at 39.01 percent. Panel D illustrates another pie chart for an unnamed group, also dominated by lipids and lipid-like molecules at 32.57 percent, followed by organic acids and derivatives at 21.38 percent. — Quality control and pie chart of metabolite classes in HIF. (A) Correlation heatmap. (B) Principal component analysis (PCA). (C,D) The proportion of the metabolites (NEG & POS).