Abstract
Nineteen rats were maintained throughout the experiment on ad libitum wet mash and water and were trained to press a lever on fixed-interval or fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement with electrical brain stimulation. Fourteen rats ate at least 150% more mash during intermittent reinforcement sessions than during baseline, massed reinforcement control, and/or extinction sessions. In a 3-hr session, 11 of those 14 consumed more than 22 g of wet mash (13 g dry weight), the equivalent of nearly half an animal's daily food intake. In subsequent control sessions, the electrodes did not support stimulus-bound eating despite attempts to make stimulation parameters optimal. These results indicate that the eating was schedule induced or adjunctive, and suggest that the procedure may provide an animal model of excessive nonregulatory eating that contributes to obesity in humans.
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- AZRIN N. H. Time-out from positive reinforcement. Science. 1961 Feb 10;133(3450):382–383. doi: 10.1126/science.133.3450.382. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bellingham W. P., Wayner M. J., Barone F. C. Schedule induced eating in water deprived rats. Physiol Behav. 1979 Dec;23(6):1105–1107. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(79)90303-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cantor M. B. Brain stimulation reinforcement: implications of an electrode artifact. Science. 1979 Jun 15;204(4398):1235–1237. doi: 10.1126/science.451570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cantor M. B. Signaled reinforcing brain stimulation facilitates operant behavior under schedules of intermittent reinforcement. Science. 1971 Nov 5;174(4009):610–613. doi: 10.1126/science.174.4009.610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cantor M. B., Smith S. E., Bryan B. R. Induced bad habits: adjunctive ingestion and grooming in human subjects. Appetite. 1982 Mar;3(1):1–12. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6663(82)80032-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FALK J. L. Production of polydipsia in normal rats by an intermittent food schedule. Science. 1961 Jan 20;133(3447):195–196. doi: 10.1126/science.133.3447.195. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Falk J. L. Schedule-induced polydipsia as a function of fixed interval length. J Exp Anal Behav. 1966 Jan;9(1):37–39. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1966.9-37. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Falk J. L. The nature and determinants of adjunctive behavior. Physiol Behav. 1971 May;6(5):577–588. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90209-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fallon J. H., Jr, Allen J. D., Butler J. A. Assessment of adjunctive behaviors in humans using a stringent control procedure. Physiol Behav. 1979 Jun;22(6):1089–1092. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(79)90261-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kanarek R. B., Hirsch E. Dietary-induced overeating in experimental animals. Fed Proc. 1977 Feb;36(2):154–158. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Valenstein E. S., Cox V. C., Kakolewski J. W. Modification of motivated behavior elicited by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. Science. 1968 Mar 8;159(3819):1119–1121. doi: 10.1126/science.159.3819.1119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wallace M., Singer G. Schedule induced behavior: a review of its generality, determinants and pharmacological data. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1976 Oct;5(4):483–490. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(76)90114-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wallace M., Singer G., Wayner M. J., Cook P. Adjunctive behavior in humans during game playing. Physiol Behav. 1975 May;14(5):651–654. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(75)90194-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilson J. F., Cantor M. B. Noise-induced eating in rats facilitated by prior tail pinch experience. Physiol Behav. 1986;37(4):523–526. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90278-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Woods S. C., Decke E., Vasselli J. R. Metabolic hormones and regulation of body weight. Psychol Rev. 1974 Jan;81(1):26–43. doi: 10.1037/h0035927. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]