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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Aug 21.
Published in final edited form as: Ment Health Prev. 2026 Aug 1;43:200547. doi: 10.1016/j.mhp.2026.200547

Table 2.

Multivariable models examining Wave 14 financial well-being and debt burden as predictors of change in Wave 15 mental health and loneliness.

W15 Anxiety Symptoms W15 Depression Symptoms W15 Loneliness
Estimate 95% CI p-value Estimate 95% CI p-value Estimate 95% CI p-value
Model 1
 W14 Financial well-being −0.047‡ −0.064, −0.030 <.001 −.055‡ −0.073, −0.038 <.001 −.015‡ −0.021, −0.009 <.001
Model 2
 W14 Debt burden 0.114* 0.025, 0.203 .012 0.142† 0.051, 0.232 .002 .044† 0.013, 0.075 .006
Model 3
 W14 Financial well-being −0.045‡ −0.063, −0.027 <.001 −0.053‡ −0.071, −0.034 <.001 −0.014‡ −0.020, −0.008 <.001
 W14 Debt burden 0.033 −0.062, 0.128 .494 0.044 −0.052, 0.141 .365 0.017 −0.016, 0.050 .314

Models adjust for middle school intervention condition, age, sex, 2- or 4-year degree completion, race and ethnicity, sexual and gender minority identity, and corresponding mental health variable at the previous wave (e.g., W15 anxiety symptoms are adjusted for W14 anxiety symptoms).

*

p < .05.

†

p < .01.

‡

p < .001.