Table 3.
Pairwise comparisons between groups for study outcomes. Values are presented as mean difference (MD), standard error (SE), confidence interval (CI), and p-value.
| Variable | Comparison | Mean Difference | SE | 95% CI (Lower to Upper) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain | PCT-CST | -0.48 | 0.25 | -0.99 to 0.02 | 0.06 |
| PCT-Control | -2.96* | 0.24 | -3.47 to -2.46 | < 0.001 | |
| CST-Control | -2.48* | 0.27 | -3.03 to -1.93 | < 0.001 | |
| Static Balance (Right) | PCT-CST | 3.19 | 1.69 | -0.22 to 6.61 | 0.06 |
| PCT-Control | 1.47 | 1.65 | -1.86 to 4.81 | 0.37 | |
| CST-Control | -1.71 | 1.81 | -5.36 to 1.93 | 0.34 | |
| Static Balance (Left) | PCT-CST | 2.41 | 1.89 | -1.39 to 6.22 | 0.20 |
| PCT-Control | 0.06 | 1.84 | -3.65 to 3.78 | 0.97 | |
| CST-Control | -2.34 | 2.02 | -6.41 to 1.72 | 0.25 | |
| LP Proprioception | PCT-CST | 1.28 | 1.91 | -2.57 to 5.14 | 0.50 |
| PCT-Control | 4.13* | 1.87 | 0.36 to 7.90 | 0.03 | |
| CST-Control | 2.84 | 2.04 | -1.27 to 6.97 | 0.17 | |
| ODI | PCT-CST | -0.69 | 1.51 | -3.74 to 2.36 | 0.65 |
| PCT-Control | 14.05* | 1.48 | -17.04 to -11.07 | < 0.001 | |
| CST-Control | -13.36* | 1.62 | -16.63 to -10.10 | < 0.001 | |
| RMDQ | PCT-CST | 0.40 | 0.26 | -0.13 to 0.94 | 0.13 |
| PCT-Control | -4.42* | 0.25 | -4.94 to -3.90 | < 0.001 | |
| CST-Control | -4.82* | 0.27 | -5.37 to -4.28 | < 0.001 | |
| SF-36 | PCT-CST | 0.13 | 1.84 | -3.57 to 3.84 | 0.94 |
| PCT-Control | -1.81 | 1.80 | -5.44 to 1.80 | 0.31 | |
| CST-Control | -1.94 | 1.96 | -3.84 to 3.57 | 0.32 |
*P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Abbreviations: PCT, postural control training; CST, core stability training; LP, lumbo-pelvic; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; RMDQ, Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire; SF-36, Short Form Health Survey; MD, mean difference; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval.