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. 2026 Apr 13;16(8):101635. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2026.101635

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Role of diosgenin (DG) in mitochondrial preservation and functionality. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with high-glucose and high-fat (HGHF) alone, HGHF combined with DG (low or high dose), or HGHF with ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) for 24 h. (A, B) Representative images (A) and corresponding quantitative (B) of reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining. (C, D) Representative fluorescent images (C) and quantitative analysis (D) of MitoSox (red) staining in differentially treated HUVECs. (E, F) Detection of JC-1 staining (E) and quantitative analysis (F) in HUVECs by confocal fluorescence microscopy. (G, H) Representative fluorescent images (G) and quantitative analysis (H) of MitoTracker staining in differentially treated HUVECs. (I, J) Quantitative determination of glutathione (GSH) (I) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (J) activities in HUVECs using GSH and MDA assay kits. (K, L) Western blot (WB) analysis of optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1), dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), mitofusin 1 (MFN1), and mitofusin 2 (MFN2) protein expression in differentially treated HUVECs: representative WB image (K) and quantitative analysis (L). Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) from 5 independent experiments (n = 5). Statistical significance is denoted as ∗∗∗P < 0.001; MMP: Mitochondrial Membrane Potential.