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. 2026 Aug 6;8:1913363. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1913363

Table 3.

The results of running parameters, kinetic variables as foot strike type.

Foot strike pattern F p Post hoc
FFS MFS RFS
Spatiotemporal parameters
Cadence (steps/min) 183.60 ± 15.22 177.65 ± 20.88 171.23 ± 19.52 1.622 .210
Contact time (s) 0.18 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.02 6.549 .028* FFS > RFS
Step length (m) 1.42 ± 0.14 1.44 ± 0.13 1.42 ± 0.20 0.238 .846
Knee joint angle (deg)
Flexion 42.06 ± 3.98 44.81 ± 2.60 51.03 ± 3.69 7.261 .005* FFS < RFS
Adduction 9.51 ± 5.33 4.61 ± 8.11 6.91 ± 8.92 0.891 .348
External rotation −13.31 ± 7.80 −12.42 ± 5.15 −13.22 ± 6.85 0.157 .906
Knee joint moment [Nm/(BW × ht)]
Extension 3.93 ± 0.42 3.46 ± 0.30 3.33 ± 0.41 4.755 .030* FFS > RFS
Abduction 1.65 ± 0.65 1.46 ± 0.53 1.53 ± 0.81 0.625 .420
Internal rotation 1.22 ± 0.48 1.24 ± 0.56 1.20 ± 0.61 0.583 .484
Ground reaction force (N/BW)
Vertical impact peak 2.83 ± 0.27 2.75 ± 0.33 2.39 ± 0.25 4.447 .035* FFS > RFS

FFS, forefoot strike; MFS, midfoot strike; RFS, rearfoot strike.

*

p < .05.