Table 1.

Measurement summary of key constructs.

Construct	Items (brief)	Response format	Reliability
Body image	6 items on appearance satisfaction	9-point Likert scale	α = 0.85
Mukbang viewing habits	Duration, frequency, time of day; motivation scale (9 items)	Categorical + 5-point Likert scale	α = 0.77
Perceptual gap	5 items: influence on self vs. others	5-point Likert scale	—
Social distance	3 items: influence on age-based groups	5-point Likert scale	α = 0.75
Controls	Age, gender, education	—	—

Reliability coefficients are reported only for multi-item scales.