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. 2026 May 29;16:26209. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-52969-8

Table 3.

Overall associations between emotion recognition and cognitive performance Within Episodic Memory tasks, with heterogeneity indices.

Emotion
type		 Sub-domain k r Lower CI Upper CI p Inline graphic 2 Inline graphic I2
Anger Verbal 11 0.122 -0.089 0.3229 0.256 0.05906 0.2430 59.23
Anger Visual 10 0.198 -0.0929 0.4588 0.180 0.11296 0.3360 72.93
Disgust Verbal 8 0.173 0.0513 0.2907 0.005 ** 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
Disgust Visual 7 0.148 0.0158 0.2764 0.028 * 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
Fear Verbal 11 0.199 -0.0125 0.3943 0.064 ✝ 0.0610 0.2471 60.05
Fear Visual 10 0.306 0.0469 0.5275 0.021 * 0.09135 0.3022 68.54
Happiness Verbal 9 − 0.008 -0.1807 0.1637 0.921 0.02712 0.1646 46.54
Happiness Visual 9 0.029 -0.0848 0.1423 0.616 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
Neutral Verbal 7 0.090 -0.2059 0.3717 0.553 0.07066 0.2658 60.61
Neutral Visual 7 0.295 -0.0841 0.6003 0.124 0.13421 0.3663 74.51
Sadness Verbal 9 0.122 -0.0304 0.2696 0.116 0.01683 0.1297 35.07
Sadness Visual 8 0.097 -0.1249 0.3101 0.391 0.04575 0.2138 59.16
Surprise Verbal 5 0.119 -0.162 0.3831 0.406 0.04563 0.2136 61.9
Surprise Visual 5 0.102 -0.0397 0.2399 0.150 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
Total Verbal 12 0.306 0.209 0.397 < 0.001 *** 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
Total Visual 8 0.426 0.1663 0.6317 0.0019 ** 0.08308 0.2882 63.82

Note. * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001; ✝ marginal (p < .10). CI = Confidence Interval. “Total” rows refer to studies that reported global emotion recognition scores (aggregated across emotions).