Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of the four generative topographic mapping–derived phenotypes identified in the Murcia Atrial Fibrillation Project III, a prospective observational cohort of anticoagulated patients with newly diagnosed AF recruited in Murcia, Spain, between January 2016 and November 2021.
| Variables | Phenotype 1 (n=619) | Phenotype 2 (n=677) | Phenotype 3 (n=353) | Phenotype 4 (n=1610) | P value | |||||||
| Modeling variables | ||||||||||||
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Demographics, median (IQR) | |||||||||||
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Weight (kg) | 82 (73-92) | 74 (65-83) | 108 (95-119) | 80 (70-90) | <.001 | |||||
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Abdominal circumference (cm) | 109 (102-117) | 100 (92-107) | 124 (116-133) | 106 (97-112) | <.001 | |||||
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Body fat (%) | 45 (37-51) | 39 (34-46) | 54 (42-57) | 41 (35-47) | <.001 | |||||
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Blood count parameters, median (IQR) | |||||||||||
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Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13 (11-14) | 13 (12-14) | 14 (12-15) | 14 (13-15) | <.001 | |||||
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Leukocyte count (×109/L) | 8 (7-10) | 7 (6-8) | 8 (7-9) | 8 (7-9) | <.001 | |||||
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Platelet count (×109/L) | 225 (190-275) | 213 (174-253) | 219 (186-255) | 214 (178-256) | <.001 | |||||
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Diabetes risk markers, median (IQR) | |||||||||||
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Glucose (mg/dL) | 145 (113-192) | 100 (90-114) | 108 (93-126) | 105 (94-126) | <.001 | |||||
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HbA1ca (%) | 7.5 (6.4-8.2) | 5.9 (5.6-6.4) | 6.0 (5.7-6.6) | 6.1 (5.8-6.5) | <.001 | |||||
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Renal function, median (IQR) | |||||||||||
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Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.9-1.7) | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) | 0.9 (0.8-1.2) | 1 (0.8-1.1) | <.001 | |||||
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Liver function, median (IQR) | |||||||||||
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Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 18 (14-21) | 18 (14-22) | 20 (18-27) | 21 (17-26) | <.001 | |||||
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Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 15 (12-20) | 13 (10-18) | 19 (15-27.5) | 19 (14-25) | <.001 | |||||
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Cholesterol markers, median (IQR) | |||||||||||
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Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 134 (113-164) | 147 (120-177) | 159 (144-179) | 169 (143-200) | <.001 | |||||
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HDLb cholesterol (mg/dL) | 41 (32-46) | 54 (44-63) | 47 (41-56) | 48 (40-58) | <.001 | |||||
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Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 124 (96-165) | 82 (66-110) | 112 (90-150) | 125 (99-185) | <.001 | |||||
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Arterial blood pressure, median (IQR) | |||||||||||
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Systolic BPc (mm Hg) | 133 (120-145) | 130 (120-140) | 137 (127-148) | 137 (125-150) | <.001 | |||||
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Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 70 (60-77) | 71 (66-80) | 79 (70-85) | 77 (70-85) | <.001 | |||||
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Echocardiographic markers, median (IQR) | |||||||||||
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Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 57 (50-65) | 59 (55-65) | 58 (47-65) | 59 (49-63) | .12 | |||||
| Additional investigative variables | ||||||||||||
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Demographics | |||||||||||
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Age (years), median (IQR) | 79 (74-84) | 79 (73-84) | 74 (67-81) | 75 (68-82) | <.001 | |||||
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Sex (female), n (%) | 345 (55.7) | 375 (55.4) | 225 (63.7) | 776 (48.2) | <.001 | |||||
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BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 30 (27-33) | 27 (24-30) | 38 (35-42) | 29 (27-32) | <.001 | |||||
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Type of atrial fibrillation, n (%) | |||||||||||
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Persistent | 401 (64.8) | 434 (64.1) | 248 (70.3) | 979 (60.8) | .006 | |||||
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Paroxysmal | 218 (35.2) | 243 (35.9) | 105 (29.7) | 631 (39.2) | .006 | |||||
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Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||||||
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Hypertension | 552 (89.2) | 532 (78.6) | 328 (92.9) | 1354 (84.1) | <.001 | |||||
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Diabetes mellitus | 426 (68.8) | 167 (24.6) | 146 (41.4) | 530 (32.9) | <.001 | |||||
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Heart failure | 167 (27.0) | 100 (14.8) | 95 (26.9) | 325 (20.2) | <.001 | |||||
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History of stroke, TIAd, or thromboembolism | 158 (25.5) | 177 (26.1) | 77 (21.8) | 334 (20.7) | .01 | |||||
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Vascular diseasee | 176 (28.4) | 139 (20.5) | 49 (13.9) | 310 (19.3) | <.001 | |||||
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Renal impairment | 241 (38.9) | 151 (22.3) | 60 (17.0) | 260 (16.1) | <.001 | |||||
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Hypercholesterolemia | 400 (64.6) | 330 (48.7) | 198 (56.1) | 926 (57.5) | <.001 | |||||
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COPDf or OSAg | 160 (25.8) | 119 (17.6) | 132 (37.4) | 313 (19.4) | <.001 | |||||
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History of relevant bleeding | 376 (60.7) | 306 (45.2) | 133 (37.7) | 454 (28.2) | <.001 | |||||
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Liver disease | 29 (4.7) | 28 (4.1) | 25 (7.1) | 70 (4.3) | .14 | |||||
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History of cancer | 92 (14.9) | 114 (16.8) | 41 (11.6) | 209 (13.0) | .047 | |||||
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Smoking habit | 134 (21.6) | 175 (25.8) | 70 (19.8) | 370 (23.0) | .13 | |||||
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Alcoholism | 41 (6.6) | 61 (9.0) | 27 (7.6) | 153 (9.5) | .15 | |||||
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Concomitant treatment, n (%) | |||||||||||
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Direct-acting oral anticoagulation | 417 (67.4) | 566 (83.6) | 201 (56.9) | 1025 (63.7) | <.001 | |||||
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Vitamin K antagonist | 202 (32.6) | 111 (16.4) | 152 (43.1) | 585 (36.3) | <.001 | |||||
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Antiarrhythmics | 89 (14.4) | 53 (15.0) | 108 (16.0) | 242 (15.0) | .89 | |||||
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 166 (26.8) | 172 (25.4) | 92 (26.1) | 374 (23.2) | .23 | |||||
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Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 269 (43.5) | 271 (40.0) | 188 (53.3) | 704 (43.8) | <.001 | |||||
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Calcium channel blockers | 215 (34.7) | 182 (26.9) | 104 (29.5) | 449 (27.9) | .007 | |||||
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Beta-blockers | 397 (64.1) | 422 (62.3) | 239 (67.7) | 1078 (67.0) | .12 | |||||
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Diuretics | 431 (69.6) | 375 (55.4) | 230 (65.2) | 850 (52.8) | <.001 | |||||
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Antilipemic agents | 393 (63.5) | 337 (49.8) | 194 (55.0) | 871 (54.1) | <.001 | |||||
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Oral hypoglycemic agents | 323 (52.2) | 139 (20.5) | 105 (29.7) | 405 (25.2) | <.001 | |||||
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Insulins | 142 (22.9) | 35 (5.2) | 21 (5.9) | 96 (6.0) | <.001 | |||||
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Antiplatelet therapy | 119 (19.2) | 81 (12.0) | 41 (11.6) | 214 (13.3) | <.001 | |||||
| Stroke and bleeding scores, median (IQR) | ||||||||||||
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CHA2DS2-VASc | 5 (4-6) | 4 (3-5) | 4 (3-5) | 4 (3-5) | <.001 | ||||||
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CHA2DS2-VA | 4 (3-5) | 3 (3-5) | 3 (2-5) | 3 (2-4) | <.001 | ||||||
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HAS-BLED | 4 (3-5) | 3 (2-4) | 3 (2-4) | 3 (2-4) | <.001 | ||||||
aHbA1c: glycated hemoglobin.
bHDL: high-density lipoprotein.
cBP: blood pressure.
dTIA: transient ischemic attack.
eIncludes coronary artery disease and/or peripheral artery disease.
fCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
gOSA: obstructive sleep apnea.