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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Aug 22.
Published in final edited form as: Appetite. 2025 Jun 3;214:108172. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108172

Table 4.

Descriptive statistics for observed parenting in the restaurant (DPICS) and self-reported general parenting (PDI-S)

DPICS Category Mean (SD)
Neutral Talk (TA) 2.79 (1.89)
Behavior Description (BD) 0.05 (0.13)
Reflection (RF) 0.15 (0.20)
Labeled Praise (LP) 0.003 (0.02)
Unlabeled Praise (UP) 0.03 (0.08)
Question (Q) 0.92 (0.85)
Negative Talk (NTA) 0.04 (0.11)
Command (C) 0.31 (0.32)
PDI-S Scale Mean (SD)
Nurturance (α = 0.89) 5.48 (0.58)
Amount of control (α = 0.73) 2.81 (1.63)

Note. DPICS = Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System, PDI-S = Parenting Dimensions Inventory – Short Version; DPICS means show the frequency of each category per minute across both observation periods; Nurturance was measured on a scale of 1 to 6; Amount of control was measured on a scale of 0 to 5