Fig. 2.

mtLC-MSCs reprogram the metabolism of EGFR-wild-type tumor cells. A Strategy for multi-omics characterization of A549 cells exposed to MSC-conditioned medium. B Differentially expressed genes in A549 cells treated with mtLC-MSC vs. mtTF-MSC-conditioned medium, identified by RNA sequencing. C GO enrichment analysis indicated significant associations with metabolic processes and inflammatory response. D, E Elevated citrate (D) and oxaloacetate (E) in A549 cells exposed to conditioned medium. F, G Targeted metabolomics quantified medium- and long-free fatty acids (FFAs) in A549 cells treated with conditioned medium. F Principal components analysis (PCA); G FFA levels under different conditioned medium treatments. H Highest intracellular FFA levels detected in EGFR-wt tumor cells treated with mtLC-MSC-conditioned medium. exhibited significantly elevated levels of total FA, SFA, MUFA and PUFA. All cells were treated with conditioned medium for 72 h. Statistical results were shown as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. One-way ANOVA test. Q-values adjusted by FDR for multiple group comparisons. SFA, MUFA, and PUFA denote saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid, respectively