Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment of the studies included in the present systematic review
| Study | Study design | Assessment tool | Quality appraisal details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caparrotti et al., 2017 | Case-control | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★ |
| Lang et al., 2022 | Case-control | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★ |
| Renouf et al., 2024 | Case-control | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★ |
| Kristensen et al., 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Boromand et al., 2024 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Chopra et al., 2011 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★ |
| Dumoulin et al., 2020 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★ |
| Habib et al., 2020 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Khoo et al., 2021 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Koga et al., 2008 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Kojima et al., 2017 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Kovarik et al., 2024 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Lee et al., 2009 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Liao et al., 2020 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Liao et al., 2021 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Liu et al., 2018 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Maesschalck et al., 2016 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Nieward et al., 1996 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Nieward et al., 2014 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Reuther et al., 2002 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Rosenfeld et al., 2021 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Studer et al., 2016 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Zhang et al., 2017 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★ |
| Liy et al., 2007 | Prospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Chen et al., 2005 | Retrospective cohort | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Selection: ★★★; Compatibility: ★★; Outcome/Exposure: ★★★ |
| Bagan et al., 2009 | — | JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist | Inclusion criteria: Yes; Participants detail: Yes; Exposure valid/reliable: Yes; Standardized condition criteria: Yes; Confounders identified: No; Strategies for confounders: No; Results valid/reliable: Yes; Appropriate statistics: Yes |
| Watson et al., 2023 | — | JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist | Inclusion criteria: No; Participants detail: No; Exposure valid/reliable: No; Standardized condition criteria: Yes; Confounders identified: Yes; Strategies for confounders: Yes; Results valid/reliable: Yes; Appropriate statistics: No |