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. 2026 Jul 20;17:8850. doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-75417-7

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic illustration of the COF/PNSE composite electrolyte film in Na | |NNM solid-state batteries; b Structure of TpPa-SO₃-Na material; c TEM image of TpPa-SO₃-Na material; d the corresponding elemental mapping images; e XRD pattern of the TpPa-SO₃-Na after treatment with different solvents; f FT-IR spectrum; g XPS spectra of Na element; h Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms curve; (i) Optical images showing mechanical flexibility and thickness measurements of the COF/PNSE composite electrolyte film.