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. 2026 Jul 20;17:8850. doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-75417-7

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Cycling stability of Na | |Cu half-cells evaluated at 1.0 mA cm^-2/1.0 mAh cm⁻². b Initial Na deposition/stripping voltage profiles for Na | |Cu cells employing PNSE and COF/PNSE electrolytes. c Critical current density analysis for Na | |Na solid-state cells utilizing PNSE and COF/PNSE electrolytes. d Rate performance of PNSE-based and COF/PNSE-based cells. e Long-term electrochemical stability of Na | |Na symmetric cells cycled at 0.1 mA cm⁻²/0.2 mAh cm^-2 with PNSE and COF/PNSE. f, g Enlarged voltage-time traces of Na plating/stripping cycles from (e). h High-rate cycling capability of Na | |Na symmetric cells at 1 mA cm^-2/0.5 mAh cm^-2 using COF/PNSE. i Cycling lifespan benchmarking against representative sodium solid-state battery electrolytes reported^{21–23,27,33,36,43–55} (The literature data sources shown in this figure are provided in Supplementary Information Table S1.). j, k Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) analysis for Na plating and stripping kinetics in COF/PNSE-containing symmetric cells. l, m Corresponding DRT spectra for PNSE-only symmetric cells.