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. 2026 Jul 20;17:8850. doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-75417-7

Fig. 5. Full-cell electrochemical performance, kinetic analysis, and practical pouch cell.

Fig. 5

a Rate capability of Na | |NNM cells utilizing COF/PNSE and PNSE electrolytes at current densities from 20 mA g-1 to 1 A g-1. b Long-term cycling stability of Na | |NNM cells with COF/PNSE and PNSE electrolytes at 100 mA g-1 within 2.0–4.0 V. c Voltage window extension study for Na | |NNM cells with COF/PNSE electrolyte at 2.0–4.1 V and 2.0–4.2 V. d, e high-rate cycling performance of Na | |NNM cells with COF/PNSE at 500 mA g-1 (d) and 1 A g-1 (e). f, g DRT analysis revealing charge and discharge kinetic differences in COF/PNSE-based cells. h, i Corresponding DRT spectra for PNSE-only Na | |NNM cells. (j) Schematic illustration of the HC | | COF/PNSE | | O3-NFM full-cell configuration. k Cycling stability of Ah-level pouch cells under 1 A operation. l Representative charge/discharge voltage curves for the pouch cell.