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. 2026 Aug 8;26:781. doi: 10.1186/s12887-025-05678-6

Table 1.

Initial state variables

wrap group control group
Lost to follow-up‡ 70/183 (38.3%) 46/173 (26.6%)
Gestational age in weeks (median & range)

25.4 (22–27)

n = 113

25.9 (22–27)

n = 127

Waiver of consent 32/113 (28.3%) 30/126* (23.8%)
Infant female 52/112* (46.4%) 59/125* (47.2%)
Birth weight in grams (median & range)

720 (340–1307)

n = 111*

790 (370–1595)

n = 125*

Intrauterine growth restriction 7/111* (6.3%) 4/125* (3.2%)
Antenatal corticosteroid use 105/110* (95.5%) 113/125* (90.4%)
Chorioamnionitis 32/110* (29.1%) 24/122* (19.7%)
Sepsis in baby 49/105* (46.7%) 59/115* (51.3%)
Necrotizing enterocolitis (≥ stage 2) 11/105* (10.5%) 9/109* (7.6%)
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia treated with steroids 105/110* (95.5%) 113/125* (90.4%)
Mother’s education (high school diploma or less) 60/112* (53.6%) 72/125* (57.6%)

Maternal temperature in labour degrees C

(median & range)

36.9 (35.6–39.7)

n = 101*

36.8 (35.6–38.9)

n = 101*

Newborn temperature after admission to NICU in degrees C (median & range)†

36.3 (33.6–38.4)

n = 104*

35.9 (32.1–37.7)

n = 117*

Age (minutes) left delivery room

(median & range)

15 (4–130)

n = 71*

15 (5–45)

n = 65*

Age in days to final extubation

(median & range)†

42 (1–109)

n = 109*

24 (1–143)

n = 88*

Intraventricular hemorrhage grades III or IV 14/98* (14.3%) 18/115* (15.7%)
Cystic periventricular leukomalacia 3/97* (3.1%) 6/115* (5.2%)
Pulmonary hemorrhage 9/109* (8.3%) 17/124* (13.7%)

loss to follow-up is significantly higher in the wrap group p < 0.025 (Fisher’s exact test)

*do not add up to 113 for the wrap group and 127 for the control group due to missing data

p < 0.05 (Fisher exact test)