Table 3.
Associations between the demographic characteristics of children with strabismus and late-stage disease (N=282)
| Characteristics | Late presentation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Total | P value | |
| N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | ||
| Sex of the child | 0.874 | |||
| Male | 122(43.3) | 26(9.2) | 148(52.5) | |
| Female | 112(39.7) | 22(7.8) | 134(47.5) | |
| Total | 234(83.0) | 48(17.0) | 282(100.0) | |
| Age of the child, years | 0.002* | |||
| 0-10 | 189(67.0) | 47(16.7) | 236(83.7) | |
| 11-15 | 45(16.0) | 1(0.4) | 46(16.3) | |
| Total | 234(83.0) | 48(17.0) | 282(100.0) | |
| Place of residence | 0.572 | |||
| Rural | 210(74.5) | 43(15.2) | 253(89.7) | |
| Urban | 24(8.5) | 5(1.8) | 29(10.3) | |
| Total | 234(83.0) | 48(17.0) | 282(100.0) | |
| Age at onset of strabismus, years | 0.019* | |||
| 2-5 | 212(75.2) | 48(17.0) | 260(92.2) | |
| 6-11 | 22(7.8) | - | 22(7.8) | |
| Total | 234(83.0) | 48(17.0) | 282(100.0) | |
| Parent/caregiver education † | 0.017* | |||
| Lower education | 182(64.5) | 29(10.3) | 211(74.8) | |
| Higher education | 52(18.4) | 19(6.7) | 71(25.2) | |
| Total | 234(83.0) | 48(17.0) | 282(100.0) | |
| Religion of children | 0.879 | |||
| Christian | 169(59.9) | 33(11.7) | 202(71.6) | |
| Muslim | 36(12.8) | 8(2.8) | 44(15.6) | |
| Traditionalist | 29(10.3) | 7(2.5) | 36(12.8) | |
| Total | 234(83.0) | 48(17.0) | 282(100.0) | |
| Registered for NHIS | 167(59.2) | 40(14.2) | 207(73.4) | 0.059 |
| Age at onset of first suspicion of strabismus, years | 0.019* | |||
| Early childhood (2-5) | 212(75.2) | 48(17.0) | 260(92.2) | |
| Middle childhood (6-15) | 22(7.8) | - | 22(7.8) | |
| Total | 234(83.0) | 48(17.0) | 282(100.0) | |
| Relative with strabismus | 184(65.2) | 30(10.6) | 214(75.9) | 0.025* |
| Proximity to the hospital | 0.525 | |||
| Near (<50 km) | 100(35.5) | 18(6.4) | 118(41.8) | |
| Far (≥50 km) | 134(47.5) | 30(10.6) | 164(58.2) | |
| Parental knowledge about strabismus | 66(23.4) 166(58.9) | 27(9.6) | 93(33.0) | 0.001* |
| Fear of surgery | 169(59.9) | 38(13.5) | 204(72.3) | 0.29 |
| Ability to afford hospital bills | 35(12.4) | 204(72.3) | 0.538 | |
| Parental monthly income, GHS | 29(10.3) | 0.622 | ||
| <2000.00 | 205(72.7) | 4(1.4) | 33(11.7) | |
| ≥2000.00 | 44(15.6) | 249(88.3) | ||
Abbreviations: GHS, Ghana cedis; km, kilometer; NHIS, National Health Insurance Scheme. *Statistically significant associations, † = Lower education = Kindergarten to Junior high school; Higher education = Senior high school to tertiary education