Table 2.
Insular, olfactory, medial temporal, and subcortical regions of the CHA
| CHA Region | Definition and coverage | Spatial adjacency | Nom. |
|---|---|---|---|
| INS_Anterior | Agranular insula with adjacency to piriform emphasized. Mouse: agranular insular cortex (ABA: AI). Marmoset: AI (Paxinos). Rhesus: anterior insula (CIVM). Human: anterior insula (FSS). | FRO_Prefrontal (anterodorsal); INS_Posterior (posterior); OLF_Piriform (ventromedial) | 2/2/3/3 |
| INS_Posterior | Granular insula; consistent across primates. Mouse: gustatory and visceral areas (ABA: GU, VISC). Marmoset: GI, DI (Paxinos). Rhesus: posterior insula (CIVM). Human: posterior insula (FSS). | INS_Anterior (anterior); PAR (posterodorsal); TEM_Superior (lateral) | 2/2/3/3 |
| OLF_Anterior | Anteromedial adjacency to piriform in all species; routes olfactory inputs to piriform. Olfactory bulb included in rodents and human. Mouse: MOB, AOB, AON (ABA). Marmoset: limited coverage (Paxinos). Rhesus: limited coverage (CIVM). Human: olfactory (FSS). | FRO_Prefrontal (anterodorsal); OLF_Piriform (posteroventral) | 3/2/2/3 |
| OLF_Piriform | Piriform cortex preserved as separate region; adjacency to insula. Mouse: PIR (ABA). Marmoset: Pir (Paxinos). Rhesus: piriform (CIVM). Human: piriform (FSS). | OLF_Anterior (anteromedial); FRO_Prefrontal (anterodorsal); INS_Anterior (dorsolateral) | 3/3/3/3 |
| TEM_Medial | All species: rhinal/parahippocampal complex. Mouse: entorhinal, perirhinal, postrhinal cortex (ABA: ENTl, ENTm, PERI, POST). Marmoset: Ent, PrhR, PrhC, PHG (Paxinos). Rhesus: medial temporal (INM). Human: entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex (FSS). Supports hippocampal-neocortical interactions. | TEM_Amygdala (anteromedial); TEM_Hippocampus (anterodorsal); TEM_Inferior (anterolateral); OCC_Lateral (posterodorsal) | 3/3/3/3 |
| TEM_Hippocampus | Conserved structure across species. Mouse: HPF (ABA). Marmoset: HipF (Paxinos/MBM). Rhesus: hippocampus (CIVM). Human: hippocampus (FSS). | TEM_Amygdala (anteroventral); TEM_Medial (posteroventral); CIN_Posterior (dorsomedial); OCC_Medial (posterodorsal); THL_Thalamus (dorsomedial) | 3/3/3/3 |
| TEM_Amygdala | Preserved across species; limbic/olfactory interfaces. Mouse: AMY (ABA). Marmoset: Amy (Paxinos/MBM). Rhesus: amygdala (CIVM). Human: amygdala (FSS). | TEM_Hippocampus (posterodorsal); TEM_Medial (posterolateral); BG_CaudoPutamen (anterodorsal) | 3/3/3/3 |
| BG_CaudoPutamen | Core striatal component. Subdivided into caudate + putamen in primates; undivided in rodents due to absence of clear boundary in MRI (ABA likewise treats caudoputamen as a single complex). Mouse: CP (ABA). Marmoset: Cd, Pu (Paxinos/MBM). Rhesus: caudate, putamen (CIVM). Human: caudate, putamen (FSS). | BG_Accumbens (anteroventral); BG_Pallidum (posteroventral); TEM_Amygdala (posteroventral) | 3/3/3/3 |
| BG_Accumbens | Kept distinct for translational relevance. Mouse: ACB (ABA). Marmoset: Acb (Paxinos/MBM). Rhesus: accumbens (CIVM). Human: accumbens (FSS). | BG_CaudoPutamen (posterodorsal) | 3/3/3/3 |
| BG_Pallidum | Globus pallidus; robust segmentation across species. Mouse: PAL (ABA). Marmoset: GP (Paxinos/MBM). Rhesus: pallidum (CIVM). Human: pallidum (FSS). | BG_CaudoPutamen (anterodorsal) | 3/3/3/3 |
| THL_Thalamus | Well-defined across species; treated separately from basal ganglia. Mouse: TH (ABA). Marmoset: Thal (Paxinos/MBM). Rhesus: thalamus (CIVM). Human: thalamus (FSS). | TEM_Hippocampus (ventrolateral) | 3/3/3/3 |
| THL_Hypothalamus | Well-defined across species. Mouse: HY (ABA). Marmoset: Hypo (Paxinos/MBM). Rhesus: hypothalamus (CIVM). Human: hypothalamus (FSS). | THL_Thalamus (dorsal); TEM_Amygdala (ventrolateral) | 3/3/3/3 |
CHA Common Hierarchical Atlas; Nom. per-species nomenclature directness, order – mouse/marmoset/rhesus macaque/human; 3, same or directly equivalent term; 2, recognized anatomical equivalent; 1, functional analog supported by literature; Atlas sources: ABA Allen Brain Atlas (mouse); Paxinos, Paxinos stereotaxic Atlas (marmoset); CIVM Center for In Vivo Microscopy Atlas (rhesus); INM INIA19-NeuroMaps (rhesus); MBM Marmoset Brain Mapping Atlas; FSS FreeSurferSeg (human). Claustrum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus are homologous in principle but excluded owing to MRI segmentation limitations across species. Cortical surface regions are listed in Table 1.