Table 6.
Robustness checks: SCORE and healthcare spending growth.
| Spending growth | A | B | C | D | E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCORE | −6.88*** | −6.96*** | −6.83*** | −6.86*** | −6.98*** |
| (1.54) | (1.57) | (1.48) | (1.56) | (1.62) | |
| Employment ratio | 17.98 | 18.88 | 19.13 | 18.85 | 17.79 |
| (10.84) | (11.15) | (11.48) | (12.11) | (12.62) | |
| Mortality rate | −120.64** | −133.99** | −123.66** | −123.83** | −133.18** |
| (50.28) | (56.32) | (51.32) | (52.74) | (58.02) | |
| CPI 2010 | 5.40 | 5.25 | 7.73 | 7.51 | 5.895 |
| (7.67) | (7.82) | (7.12) | (7.62) | (8.62) | |
| GDP per capita | 0.001 | 0.0004 | 0.0009 | ||
| (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |||
| Life expectancy | −6.57 | −11.04 | −12.42 | ||
| (25.12) | (26.76) | (28.31) | |||
| Urban population | 2.00 | 3.44 | 2.22 | 2.25 | 3.18 |
| (4.01) | (4.81) | (4.40) | (4.53) | (5.10) | |
| Education expenditure | −39.07 | −22.86 | −25.92 | −30.29 | |
| (68.69) | (72.28) | (80.00) | (82.47) | ||
| Internet use | 3.47 | 4.68 | 1.49 | 3.06 | |
| (12.41) | (12.82) | (14.59) | (15.35) | ||
| Intercept | 278.65 | 634.86 | −193.33 | −259.68 | 817.12 |
| (2,350.60) | (2,474.16) | (845.41) | (1,082.89) | (2,692.69) | |
| R2 | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.601 | 0.606 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.424 | 0.397 |
The dependent variable is the change in per-capita healthcare expenditure (PPS per inhabitant) over 2014–2022 (or latest available year). Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses. *, **, *** denote statistical significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels.