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. 2026 Jun 16;6(1):95. doi: 10.1007/s43832-026-00402-6

Table 1.

Summary of experiments conducted using samples prepared with m-cresol and p-cresol, with or without salts, and with or without PVP

Sample composition Aged/equilibrated Observations Purpose of observations

m-cresol and p-cresol: 2 wt%

SALTS: NaCl, FeCl2, FeSO4, CuCl2, CuSO4, ZnCl2, ZnSO4 (0.1 M and 0.5 M)

Samples without salts were analyzed for comparison

Up to 10 days Visual observations, optical microscopy and ATR-FTIR Mixing behaviour, buoyancy and cresol-salt complex formation

m-cresol and p-cresol: 2 wt%

SALTS: none

PVP: 1 wt%

1 h ATR-FTIR after centrifugation and filtration Removal of cresols from water

m-cresol and p-cresol: 2 wt%

SALTS: 0.5 M of either FeCl2, FeSO4, CuCl2 or CuSO4

PVP: 1 wt%

1 h ATR-FTIR after centrifugation Removal of cresols from water