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. 2026 Aug 12;17:1907116. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907116

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Copyright © 2026 Li, Mu, Guo, Zheng, Yang, Wang, Shi, Xu, Tian, Ma and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two-panel data visualization showing SHAP analysis for biomarker features. Panel A, a horizontal bar chart labeled “Feature importance,” ranks PNI, Cortisol, Prealbumin, NLR, and CAR by mean SHAP values, color-coded by category: Endocrine (orange), Inflammation (blue), Nutrition (green). Panel B, a SHAP summary dot plot, presents each marker’s SHAP value distribution with color gradient representing z-scores for marker levels, from blue (low) to red (high), and shows individual dot spread to indicate direction of effect. — SHAP interpretability of the ENI-Score: (A) mean absolute SHAP value for each marker; (B) SHAP summary beeswarm plot showing the direction and magnitude of each marker’s effect on the predicted probability of MPR.