. 2026 May 21;26:1598. doi: 10.1186/s12903-026-08643-6

Table 4.

Evaluation of differences in cephalometric measurements between and within groups

	Group 1 (N = 16)			Group 2 (N = 15)		Z^a	p
	Mean ± SD	Median (Min.-Max.)		Mean ± SD	Median (Min.-Max.)	Z^a	p
SNA° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-0.59 ± 0.95	-0.35(-2.5-0.7)		0.09 ± 1.83	-0.1(-3.5-4.2)	-0.971	0.332
SNA° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-2.190;0.029*			-0.142;0.887
SNB° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-0.08 ± 1.01	-0.15(-1.5-1.6)		0.82 ± 1.32	1.1(-2-2.8)	-2.236	0.025*
SNB° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-0.399;0.690			-2.104;0.035*
ANB° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-0.74 ± 0.97	-0.85(-2.2-0.9)		-0.72 ± 0.94	-0.6(-2.2-1.4)	-0.020	0.984
ANB° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-2.509;0.012*			-2.588;0.010*
GoGnSN° T1-T0 Z^b;p	2.84 ± 2.05	2.85(-0.4-7.1)		0.19 ± 2.93	-0.9(-3.4-5.7)	-2.709	0.007*
GoGnSN° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-3.388;0.001*			-0.057;0.955
FMA° T1-T0 Z^b;p	3.11 ± 1.68	3.4(-0.1-5.5)		0.63 ± 1.76	0.5(-2.6-3.2)	-3.283	0.001*
FMA° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-3.464;0.001*			-1.364;0.172
Occl P-SN° T1-T0 Z^b;p	3.11 ± 4.21	3.3(-10.3-9.7)		4.41 ± 3.42	5.2(-2.4-12)	-0.613	0.540
Occl P-SN° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-2.690;0.007*			-3.124;0.002*
Overjet (mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	-0.21 ± 1	-0.35(-1.6-1.5)		-0.91 ± 1.91	-0.7(-4.6-2)	-1.167	0.243
Overjet (mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	-0.802;0.422			-1.791;0.073
Overbite(mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	-4.49 ± 1.37	-4.25(-6.9–2.1)		-3.69 ± 1.17	-3.3(-6.9–1.8)	-1.761	0.078
Overbite(mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	-3.517;0.000*			-3.412;0.001*
U1-SN° T1-T0 Z^b;p	10.41 ± 3.01	9.45(5.9–15.5)		11.97 ± 6.71	12.7(1-26.1)	-0.870	0.384
U1-SN° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-3.516;0.000*			-3.408;0.001*
1-NA Z^b;p	10.24 ± 3.70		10.1(5-16.8)	11.65 ± 8.27	12.1(-5.5-26.6)	-1.443	0.149
1-NA Z^b;p	-3.517;0.000*			-3.125;0.002*
1-NAmm Z^b;p	3.83 ± 2.33		3.5(0.4–8.2)	2.73 ± 2.18	2.5(-1.4-6.3)	-1.127	0.260
1-NAmm Z^b;p	-3.516;0.000*			-3.154;0.002*
1-NBmm Z^b;p	2.96 ± 2.10		3.35(-0.6-6.9)	2.61 ± 1.20	2.4(0.4–4.9)	-0.772	0.440
1-NBmm Z^b;p	-3.259;0.001*			-3.411;0.001*
1-NB Z^b;p	10.44 ± 4.98		10.25(2.6–20.1)	9.02 ± 4.10	9.8(2.8–17.7)	-0.692	0.489
1-NB Z^b;p	-3.517;0.000*			-3.410;0.001*
IMPA Z^b;p	7.94 ± 4.05		7.5(0.5–16.7)	7.87 ± 4.38	8.4(0.9–15.1)	-0.040	0.968
IMPA Z^b;p	-3.516;0.000*			-3.408;0.001*
U6-H Z^b;p	-0.46 ± 1.71		-0.85(-2.8-2.6)	-0.97 ± 1.93	-0.6(-4.6-1.7)	-0.396	0.692
U6-H Z^b;p	-1.086;0.277			-1.511;0.131
U6-V Z^b;p	-0.90 ± 2.23		-1.65(-4-3.7)	-1.10 ± 2.37	-1.3(-5.9-2.8)	-0.158	0.874
U6-V Z^b;p	-1.552;0.121			-1.535;0.125
L6-H Z^b;p	2.77 ± 2.87		2.7(-4.4-7)	1.14 ± 1.77	1.2(-2.3-4)	-2.077	0.038*
L6-H Z^b;p	-2.794;0.005*			-1.961;0.049*
L6-V Z^b;p	3.03 ± 3.46		2.05(-1.7-12.5)	1.43 ± 2.66	1.3(-2.4-6.6)	-1.305	0.192
L6-V Z^b;p	-3.000;0.003*			-1.818;0.069
U1-H Z^b;p	0.30 ± 1.88		-0.15(-2.5-5.1)	-0.25 ± 1.37	-0.4(-3.4-1.9)	-0.594	0.553
U1-H Z^b;p	-0.427;0.669			-0.597;0.551
U1-V(mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	2.07 ± 2.34	2.35(-2.7-7.2)		1.54 ± 2.70	1.9(-2.5-5.2)	-0.138	0.890
U1-V(mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	-2.844;0.004*			-1.933;0.053
L1-H (mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	-0.54 ± 1.44	-0.65(-2.6-3)		-2.53 ± 1.86	-2.7(-6.7-1)	-3.086	0.002*
L1-H (mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	-1.552;0.121			-3.268;0.001*
L1-V(mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	3.37 ± 3.12	3.2(-3.6-8.3)		2.78 ± 2.30	2.3(-1.6-6.3)	-0.455	0.649
L1-V(mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	-3.052;0.002*			-3.125;0.002*
Nazolabial° T1-T0 Z^b;p	0.28 ± 6.96	0.45(-12-8.6)		0.11 ± 6.39	-1.5(-12.7-10.6)	-0.099	0.921
Nazolabial° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-0.414;0.679			-0.085;0.932
Upplip-E (mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	0.09 ± 1.35	0.25(-2.6-2.5)		0.77 ± 1.27	0.6(-2.4-3)	-1.529	0.126
Upplip-E (mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	-1.765;0.078			-2.424;0.015*
Lowlip-E (mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	1.65 ± 1.57	1.1(0.1–5.7)		0.69 ± 1.57	0.9(-2.8-4)	-1.307	0.191
Lowlip-E (mm) T1-T0 Z^b;p	-3.519;0.000*			-1.645;0.100
Facial convexity° T1-T0 Z^b;p	1.45 ± 1.88	1.5(-2.4-5.2)		3.10 ± 3.09	1.9(-1.1-10.8)	-1.345	0.178
Facial convexity° T1-T0 Z^b;p	-0.699;0.485			-1.848;0.065

Min. Minimum, Max. Maximum, SD Standard Deviation

*p < 0.05 was significant

Z^a:Mann-Whitney U Test (Intergroup comparisons)

Z^b:Wilcoxon Test (Intragroup comparisons)