AD	Alzheimer’s disease
Aβ	Amyloid beta peptide
Aβ1–42	Amyloid beta 1–42 peptide
Aβ40/42	Amyloid beta 40/42 isoforms
ABIOME	A Bioreactor Imitation of the Microbiota Environment
AChE	Acetylcholinesterase
ACFB	Artichoke, caihua, and fenugreek vegetal extract original blend
Ac-Tau	Acetylated tau protein
Adcyap1	Adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1
AI	Artificial intelligence
AKT	Protein kinase B (PKB)
pAKT	Phosphorylated AKT
AKT1	Protein kinase B alpha (PKBα)
ALPL	Alkaline phosphatase
AMPK	5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
ANXA3	Annexin A3
AMPs	Antimicrobial peptides
APP	Amyloid precursor protein
APP/PS1	Amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 transgenic mouse model
APP/PS2	Amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-2 transgenic mouse model
AREs	Antioxidant-responsive elements
Arg1	Arginasi 1
ASC	Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD
ATG 5/7	Autophagy-related 5/7
BAX	Bcl2-associated X-protein
BALB/c	Bagg albino/c
Bcl2	B-cell lymphoma 2
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BBM	Blood-based biomarker
BMECs	Brain microvascular endothelial cells
BUB1b	BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase B
BV2	Immortalized murine microglial cell line derived from C57BL/6 mouse microglia
Calb1	Calbindina 1
Camk2g	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma
CAT	Catalase
Cct4	Chaperonin containing TCP1 subunit 4
CD	Crohn’s disease
CD86	Cluster of Differentiation 86
CFP	Complement factor properdin
cGMP	Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
CNS	Central nervous system
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
CSF	Cerebrospinal fluid
CTSK	Catepsina K
CREB	cAMP response element-binding protein
DSS	Dextran sodium sulfate
Endog	Endonuclease G
EP300	E1A binding protein p300
EphA2	Ephrin type-A receptor 2
EVs	Extracellular vesicles
FABP3	Fatty acid-binding protein 3
FOS	Fructooligosaccharides
FOXO	Forkhead box O
FOXO1	Forkhead box protein O1
GABA	Acido gamma-amminobutirrico
GAPDH	Gliceraldeide-3-fosfato deidrogenasi
γ-GCs	γ-glutamilcisteina sintetasi
GFs	Gingival fibroblasts
GLUT2	Glucose transporter 2
GOS	Galactooligosaccharides
GOT1	Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1
GPX	Glutathione peroxidase
GPX4	Glutathione peroxidase 4
GSDMD	Gasdermin D
GSH	Glutathione
GSR	Glutathione reductase
Hbq1a	Hemoglobin, theta 1A
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide
HMGB1	High-mobility group box 1
HO-1	Heme oxygenase-1
HPG	Highly porous gold electrodes
hs-CRP	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
H2S	Hydrogen sulfide
Hsp70	Heat Shock Protein 70
5-HT	5-hydroxytryptamine
IAA	Indole-3-acetic acid
IBD	Inflammatory bowel disease
ICA	Icariin
ICT	Icaritin
ICS	Icariside II
IEB	Intestinal epithelial barrier
IEC	Intestinal epithelial cells
IgA	Immunoglobulin A
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
iNPH	Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
IL	Interleukin
IL-1β	Interleukin-1 beta
IL-4	Interleukin-4
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IL-8	Interleukin-8
IL-10	Interleukin-10
IL-12	Interleukin-12
IL-18	Interleukin-18
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
JPH3	Junctophilin-3
KDR	Kinase insert domain receptor
Keap1	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
LASSO	Least Absolute Shrinkage Operator
LC3	Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3
LDH	Layered double hydroxide
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MAP9 (Mtap9)	Microtubule-associated protein 9
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MAPK14	Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14
MAPT	Microtubule-associated protein tau
MARS	Multivariate adaptive regression splines
MCI	Mild cognitive impairment
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MLKL	Mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase
MMP9	Matrix metalloproteinase-9
MNPs	Micro- and nanoplastics
MPs	Microplastics
mRNAs	Messenger RNAs
mTOR	Mechanistic target of rapamycin
mTORC1	Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
Muc2	Mucin 2
NAAA	N-acylethanolamine acid amide hydrolase
NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAT2	N-acetyltransferase 2
NCM460	Human normal colon mucosal epithelial cell line
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
Nfe2l2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 gene
NfL	Neurofilament light chain
NH3	Ammonia
NLRP3	NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasome
NMN	Nicotinamide mononucleotide
NO	Nitric oxide
NPs	Nanoplastics
NQO1	NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
OEB	Oral epithelial barrier
OFI	Opuntia ficus-indica
8- OHdG	8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
p53	Tumor protein p53
p62	p62 protein or sequestosome-1
p65	Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 subunit
p-p65	Phosphorylated NF-κB p65 subunit
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PDE4B	Phosphodiesterase 4B
PE	Polyethylene
PEG	Polyethylene glycol
PET	Polyethylene terephthalate
Per1	Period circadian regulator 1
PFKFB3	6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2
PHA	Phytohemagglutinin
PIM2	Proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 2
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Pik3cg	Phosphoinositide-3-kinase catalytic gamma polypeptide
PLA2G1B	Phospholipase A2, group 1B
p-mTOR	Phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin
Pot1α	Protection of telomeres 1 alpha
PP	Polypropylene
PPARγ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PRKCG	Protein kinase C gamma type
Prnp	Prion protein gene
PS	Polystyrene
PSA	Plasma scavenging activity
PS-COOH	Carboxyl-modified polystyrene microplastics
p-tau181	Phosphorylated tau protein 181
p-tau217	Phosphorylated tau protein at threonine 217 residue
PTB	Pterostilbene
PTFS2	Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
p-ULK1	Phosphorylated Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1
PVC	Polyvinyl chloride
QA	Quinic acid
RAGE	Receptor for advanced glycation end products
RANKL	Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand
RhoA	Ras homolog family member A
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RTP4	Receptor transporter protein 4
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
SCG3	Secretogranin-3
SGLT1	Sodium-glucose cotransporter 1
SH-G	Sulfhydryl groups
SIRT1	Sirtuin 1
SIRT6	Sirtuin 6
SKN-1	Skinhead-1 transcription factor
Slc7a5	Solute carrier family 7 member 5
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
SOD1	Superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase)
SOD2	Superoxide dismutase 2 or manganese superoxide dismutase
SNAC	Alpha-synuclein
SNAP25	Synaptosome-associated protein 25
SP	Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)
SPP1	Secreted phosphoprotein 1
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
SULT1A1	Sulfotransferase 1A1
Th1	T helper 1
Th2	T helper 2
Th17	T helper 17
TJs	Tight junction proteins
TLR-2	Toll-like receptor 2
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TPI1	Triosephosphate isomerase 1
Tregs	Regulatory T cells
Trx	Thioredoxin
UC	Ulcerative colitis
UGT2B4	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B4
ULK1	Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1
UVA	Ultraviolet A
Vegfd (Figf)	Vascular endothelial growth factor D
VGF	Nerve growth factor-inducible
Zfand5	Zinc finger AN1-type containing 5
ZO-1	Zonula occludens-1