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. 2026 Jul 29;16(8):1106. doi: 10.3390/biom16081106
AgRP Agouti-Related Peptide
AMPK AMP-activated Protein Kinase
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP5A ATP Synthase Subunit Alpha, Mitochondrial
ATP5B ATP Synthase Subunit Beta, Mitochondrial
ATP6 ATP Synthase Membrane Subunit 6
BNIP3 BCL2-Interacting Protein 3
CAF Cafeteria Diet
CPT1/2 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1/2
CREB cAMP-Response Element Binding Protein
CS Citrate Synthase
COX Cytochrome C Oxidase
Cox1 Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I
Cox2 Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit II
Cytb Cytochrome b
DNM1L Dynamin 1 Like
Dnm2 Dynamin 2
DOHaD Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
DRP1 Dynamin-Related Protein 1
E0 to E17 Embryonic Day 0 to 17
ETC Electron Transport Chain
Esrra Estrogen-Related Receptor Alpha
FBG Fasting Blood Glucose
FAO Fatty Acid Oxidation
FGF21 Fibroblast Growth Factor 21
Fis1 Mitochondrial Fission 1 Protein
GDM Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
GLUT4 Glucose Transporter Type 4
GSIS Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion
GSH Glutathione
GWG Gestational Weight Gain
GFR Global Food Restriction
HFD High-Fat Diet
HFLF High Fat, Low Fiber
HFHS High Fat, High Sucrose
HSD High Sucrose Diet
IDH2 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 2
IUGR Intrauterine Growth Restriction
LC3B Microtubule-Associated Protein 1A/1B-Light Chain 3 Beta
LDL-c Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
LP Low Protein
LPD Low-Protein Diet
MAFLD Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease
MFN Mitofusin
MFF Mitochondrial Fission Factor
MPC1 Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier 1
mROS Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species
MSC Mesenchymal Stem Cell
MQC Mitochondrial Quality Control
MTCO1 Mitochondrially Encoded Cytochrome C Oxidase I
mtDNA Mitochondrial DNA
mtDNAcn Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number
NDUFA9 NADH Dehydrogenase 1 Alpha Subcomplex, 9
NDUFB8 NADH Dehydrogenase 1 Beta Subcomplex Subunit 8
ND1 NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 1
NMN Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
NRF1 Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1
OGTT Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
OPA1 Optic Atrophy 1
OXPHOS Oxidative Phosphorylation
PGC-1α Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Coactivator 1α
PGC-1β Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ coactivator 1β
PDHA1 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1 Alpha 1 Subunit
PINK1 PTEN Induced Kinase 1
POMC Pro-Opiomelanocortin
PolG Polymerase γ
PPARα Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha
PR Protein Restriction
RyR2 Ryanodine Receptor 2
SIRT Sirtuin
SDH Succinate Dehydrogenase
SDHB Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Iron Sulfur Subunit B
SGA Small for Gestational Age
SOD Superoxide Dismutase
TFAM Transcription Factor A, Mitochondria
TG Triglyceride
UCP Uncoupling Protein
UQCRC2 Ubiquinol-Cytochrome C Reductase Core Protein 2
VDAC Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel
WD Western Diet