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. 2026 Aug 13;27(16):7240. doi: 10.3390/ijms27167240
1-PPA 1-piperidine propionic acid
AUC Area under the concentration–time curve
BBB Blood–brain barrier
C/EBP-β CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta
CNS Central nervous system
FBS Fetal bovine serum
GSCs Glioblastoma stem cells
H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
HRP Horseradish peroxidase
i.p. Intra-peritoneal
MMPs Matrix metalloproteinases
MRT Median residence time
NCA Non-compartmental analysis
PAR2 Protease-activated receptor 2
PK pharmacokinetic
p.o. Per os
RWD Relative Wound Density
SD Standard deviation
SEM Standard error of the mean
TME Tumor microenvironment
TMZ Temozolomide
UPS Ubiquitin-proteasome system