| fNIRS | functional near-infrared spectroscopy |
| CET-4 | College English Test Band 4 |
| CET-6 | College English Test Band 6 |
| DA | dynamic assessment |
| ZPD | zone of proximal development |
| HbO | oxygenated hemoglobin |
| HbR | deoxygenated hemoglobin |
| DLPFC | dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
| MFG | middle frontal gyrus |
| IFG | inferior frontal gyrus |
| PreCG | precentral gyrus |
| MTG | middle temporal gyrus |
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