| AIV | Avian influenza virus |
| PRRs | Pattern-recognition receptors |
| HA | Hemagglutinin |
| NA | Neuraminidase |
| IAVs | Influenza A viruses |
| HPAIV | Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus |
| LPAIV | Low pathogenic avian influenza virus |
| IVPI | Intravenous pathogenicity index |
| SDAU | Shandong Agricultural University |
| SPF | Specific-pathogen-free |
| EID50 | 50% embryo infective dose |
| p.i. | Post-infection |
| PBS | Phosphate-buffered saline |
| H&E | Hematoxylin and eosin |
| OP | Oropharyngeal |
| CL | Cloacal |
| HI | Hemagglutination inhibition |
| ML | Maximum likelihood |
| RT-qPCR | Real-time quantitative PCR |
| PAMPs | Pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.