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. 2026 Aug 13;14(4):476. doi: 10.3390/medsci14040476
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
FSP Forward Shoulder Posture
SR Scapular Rotation
ST Scapular Tilt
SD Scapular Distance
PMI Pectoralis Minor Index
MIP Maximum Inspiratory Pressure
MEP Maximum Expiratory Pressure
CE Chest Expansion
C. angle Cervical Angle
T. angle Thoracic Angle
L. angle Lumbar Angle
FVC Forced Vital Capacity
%FVC Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity
FEV1 Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second
%FEV1 Percent Predicted Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second
FEV1/FVC Ratio of Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second to Forced Vital Capacity
FEF25–75% Forced Expiratory Flow at 25–75% of Forced Vital Capacity
PEFR Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
BMI Body Mass Index
OR Odds Ratio
CI Confidence Interval
ATS American Thoracic Society
ERS European Respiratory Society
GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
STROBE Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology
AIC Akaike Information Criterion
REC Research Ethics Committee
NPHO Nakhon Nayok Public Health Office
RV/TLC Residual Volume to Total Lung Capacity Ratio
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
UK United Kingdom
cmH2O Centimeters of Water Pressure