| HBV | Hepatitis B virus |
| HCV | Hepatitis C virus |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
| RFLP | Restriction fragment length polymorphism |
| NGS | Next-generation sequencing |
| H | Shannon’s entropy |
| Mf | Mutation frequency |
| Q | Nucleotide diversity |
| TGS | Third-generation sequencing |
| RAS | Resistance-associated substitutions |
| DAA | Direct-acting antivirals |
| HBsAg | Hepatitis B surface antigen |
| NUC | Nucleos(t)ide analogues |
| LMV | Lamivudine |
| HIV | Human immunodeficiency virus |
| ALT | Alanine amino transferase |
| WT | Wild type |
| ADAR1 | Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA, type 1 |
| APOBEC | Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like |
| HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| ETV | Entecavir |
| ADF | Adefovir |
| TDF | Tenofovir |
| UDPS | Ultra-deep pyrosequencing |
| P | Polymerase |
| S | Surface |
| ORF | Open reading frame |
| SFN | Sorafenib |
| BCR | B cell receptor |
| TCR | T cell receptor |
| V | Variable gene segments |
| D | Diversity gene segments |
| J | Joining gene segments |