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. 2026 Aug 5;15(8):824. doi: 10.3390/pathogens15080824
HBV Hepatitis B virus
HCV Hepatitis C virus
SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism
NGS Next-generation sequencing
H Shannon’s entropy
Mf Mutation frequency
Q Nucleotide diversity
TGS Third-generation sequencing
RAS Resistance-associated substitutions
DAA Direct-acting antivirals
HBsAg Hepatitis B surface antigen
NUC Nucleos(t)ide analogues
LMV Lamivudine
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
ALT Alanine amino transferase
WT Wild type
ADAR1 Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA, type 1
APOBEC Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like
HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma
ETV Entecavir
ADF Adefovir
TDF Tenofovir
UDPS Ultra-deep pyrosequencing
P Polymerase
S Surface
ORF Open reading frame
SFN Sorafenib
BCR B cell receptor
TCR T cell receptor
V Variable gene segments
D Diversity gene segments
J Joining gene segments