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. 2026 Aug 14;15(16):2473. doi: 10.3390/plants15162473
AA Ascorbic acid
ABTS 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
ANOVA Analysis of variance
ATCC American Type Culture Collection
CAE Caffeic acid equivalents
CCD Central composite design
CFU Colony-forming units
CLSI Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
COX-1 Cyclooxygenase-1
COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2
d.e. Dry extract
DPPH 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
DW Dry weight of plant material
EDTA-Na2 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt
EE Ethnopharmacological extraction
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
GA Gallic acid
GAE Gallic acid equivalents
HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
IC50 Half-maximal inhibitory concentration
KA Kojic acid
L-DOPA 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
ME Maceration extraction
MHB Mueller–Hinton broth
MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration
MTT 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
NA Nutrient agar
PDA Photodiode array
PGE2 Prostaglandin E2
RA Rosmarinic acid
RP Reducing power
RSM Response surface methodology
RUE Rutin equivalents
SD Standard deviation
SDA Sabouraud dextrose agar
SDB Sabouraud dextrose broth
TAC Total antioxidant capacity
TFC Total flavonoid content
TPA Total phenolic acid content
TPC Total phenolic content
TRIS Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
UE Ultrasound-assisted extraction