AGE	Advanced glycation end-products
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ANOVA	Analysis of variance
BMI	Body mass index
BMP	Bitter melon blood-sugar-modulating protein
CI	Confidence intervals
DEG	Differentially expressed gene
FDR	False discovery rate
FoxO	Forkhead box O
GLUT4	Glucose transporter type 4
HbA1c	Glycated hemoglobin A1c
HDL-C	High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HIF-1	Hypoxia-inducible factor-1
IR	Insulin receptor
IRB	Institutional Review Board
KEGG	Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
LC-ESI-MS/MS	Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry
LDL-C	Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase
PPAR	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
RAGE	Receptor for advanced glycation end-products
SDS-PAGE	Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SD	Standard deviation
T1DM	Type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus