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. 2026 Aug 14;26(16):5166. doi: 10.3390/s26165166
σ cavitation number
Re Reynolds number
α angle of attack of the hydrofoil or bluff body
L length of the attached vapor–gas cavity
C chord length of the hydrofoil or bluff body
p∞ characteristic pressure of the incoming flow
pv saturated vapor pressure
ρ liquid density
U∞ bulk/free-stream flow velocity
Q volumetric flow rate
Ik k-th instantaneous image/frame in the video sequence
N number of frames in the video sequence
Iaver temporal-average image used as the background image
Ith thresholded image containing pixels above the selected intensity threshold
Ic hydrofoil-contour image obtained by edge detection
Ibwl binary mask of residual pixel clusters selected by area filtering along the hydrofoil contour
Irez,k k-th processed image after subtraction/removal of the bluff-body image
th dimensionless threshold correction coefficient used for image binarization
λ longitudinal size of the continuous white region in a binarized image, px
ϵ the friction coefficient determined using the Blasius equation
li instantaneous attached-cavity length in the i-th frame
lavg time-averaged attached-cavity length over a video sequence
px pixel unit used for image-coordinate measurements
Ox, Oy image-coordinate axes used for boundary search