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. 2026 Aug 18;26(16):5235. doi: 10.3390/s26165235
sEMG Surface electromyography
IMU Inertial measurement unit
SVR Support vector regression
LSTM Long short-term memory
BiLSTM Bidirectional long short-term memory
FA Feature attention
TA Temporal attention
FA-TA-BiLSTM Feature-attention and temporal-attention bidirectional long short-term memory
IEMG Integrated electromyography
RMS Root mean square
WL Waveform length
DASDV Difference absolute standard deviation value
MF Median frequency
SE Spectral entropy
RMSE Root mean square error
MAE Mean absolute error
R2 Coefficient of determination