CMC	Carboxymethyl cellulose
DMA	Dimethylamine
EFSA	European Food Safety Authority
FET	Field-effect transistor
FTIR	Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
GDH	Glycerol dehydrogenase
GERS	Graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
GFET	Graphene field-effect transistor
GNPs	Graphene nanoplatelets
GO	Graphene oxide
GQDs	Graphene quantum dots
KPI	Key performance indicators
LDA	Linear discriminant analysis
LIG	Laser-induced graphene
LIPS	Laser-induced paper sensor
LOD	Limit of detection
LSTM	Long Short-Term Memory
ML	Machine learning
MOFs	Metal–organic frameworks
NADH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form
NFC	Near-field communication
N-GQDs	Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots
PCA	Principal component analysis
PEC	Photoelectrochemical
PEG	Polyethylene glycol
PLA	Polylactic acid
PVA	Polyvinyl alcohol
QCM	Quartz crystal microbalance
QSVM	Quadratic support vector machine
rGO	Reduced graphene oxide
RH	Relative humidity
RSD	Relative standard deviation
SAW	Surface acoustic wave
SVM	Support vector machine
TMA	Trimethylamine
TVB-N	Total volatile basic nitrogen
UHRMS	Ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry
UV	Ultraviolet
VOC/VOCs	Volatile organic compound(s)
XGBoost	Extreme Gradient Boosting