Fig. 1.

Daily altitudinal movements of GPS-tracked Alpine choughs. A: GPS-tagged Alpine chough. B: Examples of high-resolution trajectories of daily altitudinal movements by two individuals (randomly selected). Colour represents time of day, ranging from 8 am (bright yellow) to 5 pm (dark red). Water bodies are shown in blue, anthropogenic structures such as buildings and roads are shown in black. The different shades of grey illustrate changes in elevation (meters above sea level; m a.s.l.). The map in the right corner shows Germany, with the asterisk indicating the study site. C: Daily variation in elevation during altitudinal movements averaged across the whole population