Table 2.
Nutrient adequacy relative to the age- and sex-specific reference value.
| Nutrient | Men median % reference value | Men % < 80% reference value a | Women median % reference value | Women % < 80% reference value a | p b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein | 74.4 | 57.5 | 74.6 | 59.0 | 0.989 |
| Total fat | 77.6 | 52.5 | 82.0 | 48.7 | 0.290 |
| Carbohydrates | 52.4 | 91.2 | 58.4 | 84.5 | 0.010 |
| Dietary fiber | 58.6 | 75.0 | 55.6 | 77.1 | 0.504 |
| Sodium c | 212.3 | 1.2 | 183.7 | 1.5 | 0.047 |
| Potassium | 34.3 | 98.8 | 32.9 | 100.0 | 0.380 |
| Calcium | 33.6 | 97.5 | 38.1 | 97.4 | 0.266 |
| Magnesium | 86.9 | 42.5 | 88.5 | 38.7 | 0.137 |
| Vitamin A (RE) | 41.9 | 72.5 | 61.3 | 60.9 | 0.009 |
| Vitamin E (TE) | 43.7 | 91.2 | 38.9 | 91.1 | 0.170 |
| Thiamine (B1) | 48.1 | 85.0 | 49.5 | 89.7 | 0.874 |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 60.4 | 78.8 | 69.8 | 62.0 | 0.011 |
| Niacin (NE) | 125.2 | 20.0 | 119.8 | 12.2 | 0.801 |
| Vitamin C | 22.3 | 97.5 | 30.5 | 86.7 | 0.006 |
| Energy (kcal) | 64.2 | 80.0 | 68.4 | 69.7 | 0.035 |
RE, retinol equivalents. TE, tocopherol equivalents. NE, niacin equivalents. ᵃ Proportion of participants with intake below 80% of the reference value. ᵇ p-values from Mann–Whitney U tests comparing percentage of the reference value between sexes. c Sodium has no recommended daily allowance in the conventional sense. The value shown is expressed against the age-specific physiological requirement applied in this study (1,300 mg/day for ages 60–74 and 1,200 mg/day for ages 75–90), which is lower than, and not equivalent to, the WHO population intake limit of below 2000 mg/day (Section 2.2).