Table 2.

Demographic characteristics and social disconnection

		Lonely		Socially isolated
		%	Sig. difference†	%	Sig. difference†
Sex	Male	22.3	0.07***	19.3	0.01
	Female	28.1		18.8
Age	18–24	17.7	0.15***	9.2	0.11***
	25–34	21.9		14.1
	35–44	20.3		18.3
	45–54	23.1		20.0
	55–64	25.9		21.5
	65 and more	36.7		24.5
Education	Elementary	37.9	0.11***	26.3	0.07***
	Secondary	24.0		18.2
	University	22.4		17.7
Urban	Large city	25.1	0.961	20.3	0.273
	Suburbs of large city	25.7		13.6
	Medium or small town	24.9		18.3
	Village	25.8		19.4
Marital status	Single	24.7	0.20***	19.0	0.10***
	Married	19.3		16.0
	Divorced	35.1		26.3
	Widower/Widower	48.5		27.1
Perceived income adequacy	Can live comfortably	15.4	0.21***	13.7	0.14***
	Can handle it	23.0		17.5
	Having a hard time	35.3		24.5
	Having a very hard time	51.3		35.9
Household type	One-person household	44.6	0.22***	28.6	0.13***
	Childless couple	21.8		18.3
	One-parent household	25.9		24.4
	Two-parent household	17.0		14.2
	Intergenerational household	26.7		15.8
	Other	24.2		16.8
Employment	Employed	18.3	0.22***	15.1	0.13***
	Unemployed	41.7		25.2
	Student	20.6		10.6
	Probation period	43.8		25.0
	On a disability pension/long-term sick leave	57.0		43.0
	Retired (on an old-age pension)	36.5		25.2
	Homemaker (not on maternity/parental leave)	34.3		34.3
	Other (maternity leave, caretaker)	11.8		35.3
Feel discriminated	No	22.7	0.08***	18.0	0,08***
	Yes	49.8		29.1
Diagnosed with mental disorder	No	23.0	0.22***	17.6	0.16***
	Yes	64.7		44.1

^†Values represent Cramer’s V from Chi-squared tests of independence; *p <.05; **p <.005; ***p <.001