Table 4.
Logistic regression models for social disconnection
| Lonely strict (UCLA-3 − 8–9) | Lonely (UCLA-3 > 6) | Social isolation < 12 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Sig. | OR | 95% C.I. | B | Sig. | OR | 95% C.I. | B | Sig. | OR | 95% C.I. | ||||
| Age | 0.003 | 0.756 | 1.003 | 0.982 | 1.026 | 0.001 | 0.922 | 1.001 | 0.989 | 1.012 | 0.009 | 0.100 | 1.009 | 0.998 | 1.021 |
| Sex | 0.003 | 0.987 | 1.003 | 0.682 | 1.475 | 0.075 | 0.459 | 1.078 | 0.884 | 1.315 | − 0.193 | 0.058 | 0.824 | 0.675 | 1.006 |
| Education – elementary – reference | |||||||||||||||
| Secondary | − 0.131 | 0.604 | 0.877 | 0.534 | 1.441 | − 0.266 | 0.073 | 0.766 | 0.573 | 1.025 | − 0.215 | 0.150 | 0.806 | 0.601 | 1.081 |
| University level | 0.518 | 0.111 | 1.679 | 0.888 | 3.174 | − 0.108 | 0.558 | 0.898 | 0.626 | 1.288 | − 0.141 | 0.446 | 0.868 | 0.604 | 1.248 |
| Household size (no. of people) | − 0.102 | 0.262 | 0.903 | 0.756 | 1.079 | − 0.118 | 0.013 | 0.888 | 0.809 | 0.976 | − 0.196 | < 0.001 | 0.822 | 0.744 | 0.908 |
| Marital status – single – reference | |||||||||||||||
| Married | −1.144 | < 0.001 | 0.319 | 0.180 | 0.564 | − 0.400 | 0.007 | 0.671 | 0.501 | 0.897 | − 0.334 | 0.025 | 0.716 | 0.535 | 0.958 |
| Divorced | − 0.510 | 0.107 | 0.600 | 0.323 | 1.117 | 0.083 | 0.642 | 1.087 | 0.766 | 1.542 | − 0.027 | 0.877 | 0.973 | 0.689 | 1.374 |
| Widower | − 0.021 | 0.954 | 0.980 | 0.490 | 1.960 | 0.410 | 0.057 | 1.507 | 0.988 | 2.300 | − 0.242 | 0.266 | 0.785 | 0.513 | 1.202 |
| Employment – employed – reference | |||||||||||||||
| Unemployed | − 0.184 | 0.627 | 0.832 | 0.396 | 1.747 | 0.463 | 0.019 | 1.589 | 1.080 | 2.338 | 0.431 | 0.030 | 1.539 | 1.042 | 2.272 |
| Student | − 0.224 | 0.707 | 0.799 | 0.248 | 2.576 | 0.038 | 0.890 | 1.039 | 0.608 | 1.775 | − 0.278 | 0.376 | 0.757 | 0.409 | 1.403 |
| Disability – long-term health problems | 0.858 | 0.019 | 2.359 | 1.155 | 4.818 | 0.533 | 0.045 | 1.704 | 1.011 | 2.870 | 0.577 | 0.021 | 1.781 | 1.092 | 2.906 |
| Retired | 0.569 | 0.087 | 1.766 | 0.921 | 3.388 | 0.305 | 0.074 | 1.357 | 0.971 | 1.897 | 0.090 | 0.593 | 1.095 | 0.786 | 1.525 |
| Urban – large city – reference | |||||||||||||||
| Suburb of large city | − 0.031 | 0.953 | 0.969 | 0.340 | 2.760 | 0.270 | 0.269 | 1.310 | 0.812 | 2.115 | − 0.412 | 0.133 | 0.662 | 0.387 | 1.134 |
| Medium or small town | 0.304 | 0.246 | 1.355 | 0.811 | 2.264 | 0.073 | 0.591 | 1.076 | 0.824 | 1.404 | − 0.135 | 0.318 | 0.874 | 0.670 | 1.139 |
| Village | 0.379 | 0.116 | 1.462 | 0.910 | 2.347 | 0.199 | 0.109 | 1.221 | 0.957 | 1.557 | 0.039 | 0.752 | 1.039 | 0.818 | 1.321 |
| Subjective SES | − 0.292 | < 0.001 | 0.747 | 0.668 | 0.836 | − 0.174 | < 0.001 | 0.840 | 0.790 | 0.893 | − 0.059 | 0.056 | 0.943 | 0.888 | 1.002 |
| Treatment for mental illness | 0.769 | 0.002 | 2.157 | 1.312 | 3.546 | 0.777 | < 0.001 | 2.174 | 1.472 | 3.212 | 0.711 | < 0.001 | 2.036 | 1.421 | 2.919 |
| Depression – PHQ-9 | 0.178 | < 0.001 | 1.195 | 1.156 | 1.236 | 0.191 | < 0.001 | 1.211 | 1.185 | 1.237 | 0.077 | < 0.001 | 1.080 | 1.059 | 1.102 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.310 | 0.319 | 0.126 | ||||||||||||
B = unstandardized regression coefficient; Sig. = significance level (p-value) testing whether B significantly differs from zero; OR = odds ratio; 95% C.I. = 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio