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. 2026 May 26;16:27069. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-53013-5

Table 13.

Comparison results of RZOA, Ant System, CBA-NNM and GA-MARL.

Problem Algorithm Optimal Best Average SD PDB % PDA % Rank
berlin-52 RZOA 7542 7542 7566 10.70 0.00 0.32 3
Ant System 7544 7597 70.62 0.03 0.73 4
CBA-NNM 7544 7544 0.00 0.03 0.03 1
GA-MARL 7542 7551 - 0.00 0.12 2
st-70 RZOA 675 675 677 1.43 0.00 0.30 2
Ant System 690 706 7.86 2.22 4.59 4
CBA-NNM 677 677 0.04 0.30 0.30 1
GA-MARL 675 679 - 0.00 0.59 3
kro-A100 RZOA 21,282 21,297 21,393 45.20 0.07 0.52 3
Ant System 21,576 21,987 213.88 1.38 3.31 4
CBA-NNM 21,285 21,285 0.00 0.01 0.01 1
GA-MARL 21,282 21,354 - 0.00 0.34 2
kro-B100 RZOA 22,141 22,158 22,269 79.30 0.08 0.58 2
Ant System 22,487 22,763 171.27 1.56 2.81 4
CBA-NNM 22,141 22,212 39.23 0.00 0.32 1
GA-MARL 22,141 22,283 - 0.00 0.64 3
lin-105 RZOA 14,379 14,393 14,453 18.87 0.10 0.51 3
Ant System 14,501 14,690 116.37 0.85 2.16 4
CBA-NNM 14,383 14,396 20.62 0.03 0.12 2
GA-MARL 14,379 14,386 - 0.00 0.05 1
pr-124 RZOA 59,030 59,110 59,297 57.32 0.14 0.45 3
Ant System 59,554 60,316 322.43 0.89 2.18 4
CBA-NNM 59,075 59,210 156.88 0.08 0.30 2
GA-MARL 59,030 59,209 - 0.00 0.30 1
ch-150 RZOA 6528 6547 6595 26.31 0.29 1.03 3
Ant System 6612 6704 37.29 1.29 2.70 4
CBA-NNM 6552 6554 2.43 0.37 0.40 2
GA-MARL 6528 6548 - 0.00 0.31 1
Pr-226 RZOA 80,369 80,638 81,540 346.96 0.33 1.46 3
Ant System - - - - - -
CBA-NNM 80,858 81,100 143.41 0.61 0.91 2
GA-MARL 80,369 80,639 - 0.00 0.34 1
Pr-299 RZOA 48,191 48,358 48,923 195.12 0.35 1.52 2
Ant System - - - - - -
CBA-NNM 48,359 48,694 268.99 0.35 1.04 1
GA-MARL 48,637 49,201 - 0.93 2.10 3
Lin-318 RZOA 42,029 42,456 43,661 572.97 1.02 3.88 3
Ant System - - - - - -
CBA-NNM 42,756 42,965 120.72 1.73 2.23 1
GA-MARL 42,255 42,997 - 0.54 2.30 2
Pr-1002 RZOA 259,047 262,358 273,645 16985.31 1.28 5.64 2
Ant System - - - - - -
CBA-NNM 273,825 277,525 1894.60 5.70 7.13 3
GA-MARL 266,886 269,846 - 3.03 4.17 1