Table 3.

Results of the proposed RZOA with different population sizes.

Problem	Optimal	N = 30		N = 50		N = 80		N = 120
		Mean	PDA %	Mean	PDA %	Mean	PDA %	Mean	PDA %
oliver-30	420	422	0.48	421	0.24	422	0.48	425	1.19
att-48	33,522	33,655	0.40	33,627	0.31	33,668	0.44	33,789	0.80
rand-50	5553	5575	0.40	5566	0.23	5572	0.34	5618	1.17
eil-51	426	428	0.47	427	0.23	427	0.23	432	1.41
berlin-52	7542	7576	0.45	7566	0.32	7572	0.40	7613	0.94
st-70	675	677	0.30	677	0.30	678	0.44	681	0.89
pr-76	108,159	108,628	0.43	108,474	0.29	108,583	0.39	108,810	0.60
eil-76	538	540	0.37	539	0.19	540	0.37	542	0.74
rat-99	1211	1215	0.33	1214	0.25	1216	0.41	1217	0.50
kro-A100	21,282	21,414	0.62	21,393	0.52	21,424	0.67	21,483	0.94
kro-B100	22,141	22,273	0.60	22,269	0.58	22,285	0.65	22,338	0.89
kro-C100	20,749	20,850	0.49	20,838	0.43	20,848	0.48	20,937	0.91
kro-D100	21,294	21,436	0.67	21,405	0.52	21,407	0.53	21,606	1.47
kro-E100	22,068	22,195	0.58	22,151	0.38	22,180	0.51	22,317	1.13
rd-100	7910	7950	0.51	7948	0.48	7956	0.58	7998	1.11
eil-101	629	633	0.64	632	0.48	633	0.64	638	1.43
lin-105	14,379	14,474	0.66	14,453	0.51	14,454	0.52	14,471	0.64
pr-107	44,303	44,594	0.66	44,452	0.34	44,584	0.63	44,851	1.24
pr-124	59,030	59,741	1.20	59,297	0.45	59,954	1.57	59,931	1.53
bier-127	118,282	119,933	1.40	119,893	1.36	120,113	1.55	120,059	1.50
ch-130	6110	6276	2.72	6250	2.29	6280	2.78	6285	2.86
pr-136	96,772	97,921	1.19	97,899	1.16	97,915	1.18	99,225	2.53
pr-144	58,537	59,425	1.52	59,057	0.89	59,395	1.47	59,261	1.24
ch-150	6528	6612	1.29	6595	1.03	6645	1.79	6669	2.16
d-198	15,780	16,126	2.19	15,930	0.95	16,092	1.98	16,369	3.73
kro-A200	29,368	30,025	2.24	29,819	1.54	29,933	1.92	30,114	2.54
kro-B200	29,437	30,254	2.78	29,920	1.64	30,262	2.80	30,234	2.71
tsp-225	3916	4003	2.22	4001	2.17	4007	2.32	4035	3.04
pr-226	80,369	82,562	2.73	81,540	1.46	82,569	2.74	83,353	3.71
pr-264	49,135	50,175	2.12	49,855	1.47	50,457	2.69	50,635	3.05
a-280	2579	2633	2.09	2631	2.02	2631	2.02	2648	2.68
pr-299	48,191	49,317	2.34	48,923	1.52	49,189	2.07	49,689	3.11
lin-318	42,029	43,701	3.98	43,661	3.88	43,671	3.91	43,683	3.94
rd-400	15,281	15,703	2.76	15,602	2.10	15,784	3.29	15,844	3.68
fl-417	11,861	12,191	2.78	12,154	2.47	12,277	3.51	12,208	2.93
pr-439	107,217	111,258	3.77	109,937	2.54	110,610	3.16	111,758	4.24
pcb-442	50,778	52,439	3.27	51,998	2.40	52,066	2.54	52,739	3.86
rat-575	6773	6969	2.89	6934	2.38	7030	3.79	7018	3.62
rat-783	8806	9396	6.70	9143	3.83	9273	5.30	9246	5.00
pr-1002	259,047	275,854	6.49	273,645	5.64	271,471	4.80	274,268	5.88
fl-1400	20,127	21,253	5.59	21,221	5.44	21,249	5.57	21,261	5.63
pr-2392	378,032	392,418	3.81	394,033	4.23	399,493	5.68	398,485	5.41