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. 2026 May 26;16:27069. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-53013-5

Table 4.

Parametrization of the DDCS, DKA, DSSA, DGWO, DJAYA and DSMO.

Algorithm Parameter Value
DDCS46 Population size 30
P 0.2
Pl 0.3
Den_con 4
Exp_con 8
DKA45 Population size 10
Portion 0.7
Semp 7
Norm scale 10,000
Motion function insertion
DSSA44 Population size 50
PD 0.4
Alarm value 0.8
Maximum of iterations 200
PV 0.2
DGWO17 Population size 50
Distance adjustment parameter [0, 2]
Motion function 2-opt
DJAYA40 Population size 20
ST1 0.5
ST2 0.5
Motion function 2-opt, swap, shift, symmetry, swap+shift, swap+symmetry, shift+symmetry
DSMO51 Maximum of groups 5
Local leader limit 60
Global leader limit 60
Perturbation rate 0.1