Figure 2. Summary of key outcomes across AVM treatment modalities .

Comparative distribution of major clinical outcomes across surgical resection, endovascular therapy, radiosurgery, and multimodality treatment for cerebral AVMs. Bars represent reported ranges of complete obliteration, complication rates, mortality, and favorable functional outcomes (mRS 0-2). Values represent heterogeneous descriptive ranges extracted from included studies and should not be interpreted as pooled comparative estimates or direct statistical comparisons between treatment modalities. Ranges only; values are presented for descriptive purposes and are not directly comparable across treatment modalities

AVM: arteriovenous malformation; mRS: modified Rankin Scale

Image credits: This image was synthesized by the authors Flora Alrumaih, Fadwa M. Albattah, Deem A. Almethen, and Abdulrahman M. Alharbi based on [9-141]