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. 2026 Jul 31;18(7):e113715. doi: 10.7759/cureus.113715

Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies.

Values reported under “Analyzed Patients” represent the final analyzed patient populations contributing extractable outcome data within each included study. These values correspond to the populations included in outcome analyses rather than initially screened or treated populations. The cumulative total is consistent with the 27,541 patients reported in the Results section. Values represent data extracted from all included studies

AVM: arteriovenous malformation; S-M: Spetzler-Martin grade; NR: not reported; SRS: stereotactic radiosurgery; HFSRT: hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery; LINAC: linear accelerator-based radiosurgery; NBCA: n-butyl cyanoacrylate; RCT: randomized controlled trial

Study (year) Country Design Analyzed patients AVM location S-M grade Treatment modality Follow-up  
Oulasvirta et al. [9] (2023) Finland Cohort 41 Supratentorial l-V Multimodality Median 19.1 years  
Gawish et al. [10] (2022) Germany Cohort 68 NR NR LINAC SRS Mean 35 months  
Ozden et al. [11] (2023) Turkey Cohort 62 Mixed III-IV Multimodality NR  
Loebel et al. [12] (2022) Germany and Italy Cohort 123 Mixed I-V Multimodality Median 48.1 months  
Zhu et al. [13] (2024) China Cohort 201 Mixed I-IV Gamma knife SRS NR  
Jiang et al. [1] (2022) China Cohort 130 Mixed I-V Multimodality Mean 37.4 months  
Sato et al. [14] (2020) Japan Cohort 788 Mixed I-V Endovascular embolization 30 days  
Shah et al. [15] (2024) USA Cohort 37 Cortical NR Cyberknife SRS Mean 26.2 months  
Walcott et al. [16] (2014) USA Case series 44 Mixed NR Proton beam SRS Median 52 months  
Baharvahdat et al. [17] (2014) France Cohort 408 Mixed l-V Endovascular embolization Short-term only (≤1 month; no long-term duration reported)  
van Essen et al. [18] (2018) The Netherlands Cohort 25 Mixed I-V Multimodality Mean 11.5 years  
Brauner et al. [19] (2025) France Case series 46 Mixed I-V Multimodality Median 6 months  
Potts et al. [20] (2015) USA Cohort 232 Mixed I-II Surgery Mean 1.7 years  
Jordan et al. [21] (2014) Cuba Cohort 71 Mixed l-V Endovascular embolization Mean 31.1 months  
Baharvahdat et al. [22] (2019) France Cohort 224 Mixed I-II Endovascular embolization Mean 9.7 months  
Lv et al. [23] (2010) China Cohort 30 Supratentorial NR Endovascular embolization Mean 80 months  
Kim et al. [24] (2019) South Korea Cohort 264 Mixed I-IV Gamma knife SRS Mean 55.5 months  
Shekhtman et al. [25] (2015) Russia Cohort 93 Mixed I-V Multimodality Mean 27.6 months  
Hellstern et al. [26] (2022) Germany Case series 47 NR I-V Endovascular embolization NR  
Hancevic et al. [27] (2025) Croatia Cohort 241 Mixed l-V Gamma knife SRS Mean 3 years  
Gao et al. [28] (2022) China Cohort 88 Mixed I-V Gamma knife SRS Median 65 months  
Rutledge et al. [29] (2014) USA Cohort 74 Mixed I-V Multimodality Mean 21 months  
Pierot et al. [30] (2013) France Case series 20 Supratentorial I-IV Multimodality Median 3.5 years  
Smrcka et al. [3] (2021) Czech Republic Case series 50 Mixed I-IV Surgery 3 months  
Abla et al. [31] (2015) USA Case series 16 Supratentorial lll-V Multimodality Mean 6.9 years  
Sanchez-Mejia et al. [32] (2009) USA Cohort 42 NR I-IV Multimodality Mean 7.1 years  
Arslan et al. [33] (2017) Turkey Cohort 199 Mixed I-V Gamma knife SRS Median 60 months  
Lee et al. [34] (2024) United Kingdom Cohort 88 Mixed I-III Multimodality NR  
van Rooij et al. [35] (2012) The Netherlands Case series 23 Mixed NR Endovascular embolization Mean 21 months  
van Rooij et al. [36] (2012) The Netherlands Case series 24 Supratentorial I-III Curative embolization 3 months  
Josephson et al. [37] (2012) United Kingdom Cohort 229 Supratentorial NR Multimodality Median 9 years  
Tos et al. [38] (2025) North America and Europe Cohort 96 Mixed IV Multimodality Median 24 months  
Pan et al. [39] (2009) China Case series 20 Supratentorial l-lV Multimodality 3-24 months  
Chen et al. [40] (2023) China Cohort 622 NR I-V Endovascular embolization Median 5.5 years  
Maryashev et al. [41] (2015) Russia Case series 315 Mixed II-V SRS Median 2.5 years  
He et al. [42] (2018) China Cohort 10 Supratentorial I-IV Transvenous embolization Median 8 months  
Mohr et al. [43] (2017) Multinational RCT 223 NR I-II Comparative multimodality study Median 33.3 months  
Chen et al. [44] (2021) China Cohort 71 Supratentorial I-V Comparative multimodality study Mean 4.2 years  
Liu et al. [45] (2010) China Case series 126 Supratentorial NR Onyx embolization Median 33 months  
Tos et al. [46] (2025) Multicenter (USA and Europe) Cohort 180 Mixed I-II Comparative multimodality study Median 12-36 months  
Branko et al. [47] (2025) Italy Cohort 209 Mixed I-V Multimodality Median 54 months  
Mounayer et al. [48] (2007) France Case series 94 Mixed I-V Onyx embolization Median 4.5 months  
Patel et al. [49] (2008) India Case series 54 Mixed I-V LINAC SRS Median 33 months  
Karlsson et al. [50] (2022) Multinational Cohort 5,037 NR NR Gamma knife SRS 2 years  
Alexander et al. [51] (2018) USA Case control 160 NR NR Comparative multimodality study Median 1.6 years  
Nakai et al. [52] (2012) Japan Case series 19 NR I-V Multimodality Mean 39.2 months  
Panagiotopoulos et al. [53] (2009) Germany Case series 82 Mixed I-V Onyx embolization Mean 8.8 months  
Huang et al. [54] (2024) Taiwan Cohort 262 Mixed I-V SRS Median 61.8 months  
Sheth et al. [55] (2014) USA Cohort 42 Mixed II-V Gamma knife SRS 3 years  
Kondo et al. [56] (2014) Japan Cohort 987 Mixed I-V Endovascular embolization 30 days  
Weber et al. [57] (2007) Germany Case series 93 Mixed I-V Onyx embolization Mean 9.5 months  
Jayaraman et al. [58] (2008) USA Cohort 192 Deep I-V Endovascular embolization NR  
Chye et al. [59] (2020) Taiwan Cohort 1,515 NR NR Gamma Knife SRS 15 years  
Han et al. [60] (2023) China Cohort 1,348 NR I-III Surgery and SRS Mean 6.4 years  
Galaktionov et al. [61] (2017) Russia Cohort 40 Mixed I-V Multimodality NR  
Javalkar et al. [62] (2009) USA Case series 37 Mixed II-V Gamma knife SRS Median 23 months  
Ahmetspahic et al. [63] (2021) Japan Case series 11 Mixed I-V Multimodality Median 39.5 months  
Jordan et al. [64] (2014) Cuba Cohort 71 Mixed I-V Endovascular embolization Mean 31.1 months  
Chowdhury et al. [65] (2015) Bangladesh Cohort 60 Mixed NR Comparative multimodality study 1.3 years  
Peciu-Florianu et al. [66] (2020) France Cohort 172 Mixed I-IV Gamma knife radiosurgery Median 8.8 years  
Punyawai et al. [67] (2021) Thailand Cohort 166 Mixed NR CyberKnife SRS Median 72.45 months  
Iosif et al. [68] (2022) France Case series 22 Mixed I-V Transvenous embolization 12 months  
Huo et al. [69] (2015) China Cohort 86 Mixed I-V Multimodality Mean 42 months  
Heidenreich et al. [70] (2006) Germany Cohort 66 NR NR Endovascular embolization NR  
Feng et al. [71] (2017) China Case series 52 Mixed I-IV Surgery Mean 22.5 months  
Maruyama et al. [72] (2005) Japan Cohort 500 NR III Gamma knife SRS Median 7.8 years  
Morgan et al. [73] (2015) Australia Cohort 112 Supratentorial III Surgery Median 3 years  
Hauck et al. [74] (2009) USA Cohort 41 Supratentorial I-V Onyx embolization NR  
Sousa et al. [75] (2016) Brazil Cohort 90 Mixed III Multimodality 3 years  
Esteves et al. [76] (2008) Brazil Case series 61 Mixed III-IV Radiosurgery Mean 28.8 months  
Abla et al. [77] (2015) USA Cohort 174 Supratentorial I-V Surgery Median 5.3 years  
Abud et al. [78] (2011) Brazil and France Case series 17 Mixed I-IV Onyx embolization 6 months  
Dănăilă [79] (2012) Romania Case series 46 Mixed I-IV Surgery 6 months  
de los Reyes et al. [80] (2011) USA Cohort 43 Mixed I-V Onyx embolization Median 27.5 months  
He et al. [81] (2019) China Cohort 21 Mixed I-IV Transvenous embolization Median 5.5 months  
De Sousa et al. [82] (2020) France Cohort 57 Mixed I-V Endovascular embolization 6 months  
Potts et al. [83] (2014) USA Cohort 215 Mixed II-V SRS 3 years  
Gao et al. [84] (2014) China Case series 22 Mixed I-IV Endovascular embolization Mean 15 months  
Raupp and Fernandes [85] (2005) Brazil Cohort 104 Mixed NR NBCA embolization 8 years  
Komatsu et al. [86] (2020) Japan Cohort 242 NR I-V Transvenous embolization NR  
Copelan et al. [87] (2020) USA Cohort 115 Mixed NR Surgery Mean 2.3 years  
Cellerini et al. [88] (2002) Italy Case series 10 Mixed NR Multimodality Mean 23 months  
Takagi et al. [89] (2012) Japan Case series 38 NR III-V Surgery NR  
Reynolds et al. [90] (2019) USA Cohort NR NR NR Comparative multimodality study NR  
Blamek et al. [91] (2013) Poland Case series 10 Supratentorial II-IV SRS Median 38.5 months  
Mukherjee et al. [92] (2017) India Case series 14 Mixed II-V Gamma knife SRS Median 35.6 months  
Starke et al. [93] (2009) USA Cohort 202 NR I-IV Multimodality Mean 43.4 months  
Oermann et al. [94] (2016) USA Cohort 1,810 Mixed NR SRS Median 3-4 years  
Jalali et al. [95] (2009) India Case series 23 Mixed II-III SRS Median 22 months  
Yu et al. [96] (2004) China Case series 27 Mixed I-V Endovascular embolization 2-7 years  
Stapf [97] (2010) Multinational RCT 800 NR NR Comparative multimodality study Planned ≥5 years  
Lang et al. [98] (2012) USA Cohort 28 Supratentorial I-IV Surgery Median 15 months  
Sirakov et al. [99] (2020) Bulgaria Case series 16 NR I-IV Endovascular embolization Mean 5.1 months  
Mohan et al. [100] (2024) India Case series 15 Supratentorial III LINAC SRS Median 15 months  
Qureshi et al. [101] (2020) Multinational Subgroup analysis of RCT 26 NR I-IV Endovascular embolization Median 11.8 months  
Liu et al. [102] (2014) China Case series 31 Mixed I-II Curative embolization 3-6 months  
Kim et al. [103] (2020) South Korea Cohort 98 NR I-IV Multimodality Median 47 months  
Chen et al. [104] (2021) Multinational Cohort 1,178 Mixed NR Multimodality Mean 4-6 years  
Arai et al. [105] (2006) Japan Cohort 13 Supratentorial II-IV Multimodality Mean 51.6 months  
Sobh and Hegazy [106] (2013) Egypt Case series 15 Mixed I-V Endovascular embolization 3 months  
Tomsick et al. [107] (2002) USA RCT 104 NR I-V Endovascular embolization NR  
Sun et al. [108] (2025) Taiwan Cohort 75 Mixed II-III Gamma knife SRS Median 104 months  
Bitaraf et al. [109] (2017) Iran Cohort 388 Mixed I-V Gamma knife SRS Mean 61.6 months  
Yan et al. [110] (2021) China Cohort 152 Mixed I-II Multimodality Mean 6.2 years  
Blamek et al. [111] (2013) Poland Cohort 49 Mixed II-V HFSRT Median 23.8 months  
Toader et al. [112] (2024) Romania Cohort 128 Mixed I-V Multimodality 2 years  
Shuto and Matsunaga [113] (2021) Japan Cohort 19 Mixed III-V Gamma knife SRS Mean 3.9 years  
Leonardi et al. [114] (2005) Italy Case series 34 Mixed III-V Multimodality NR  
Choe et al. [115] (2008) South Korea Case series 100 Mixed I-V Gamma knife SRS Mean 37.5 months  
Lee et al. [116] (2009) South Korea Cohort 23 Mixed II-V Gamma knife SRS Mean 41.2 months  
Conger et al. [117] (2016) USA Cohort 11 Mixed I-IV Multimodality Median 2 months  
Pierot et al. [118] (2005) France Cohort 48 Mixed NR Endovascular embolization NR  
Winkler et al. [119] (2020) USA Cohort 189 NR I-V Multimodality Mean 4.1 years  
Sethi et al. [120] (2023) USA Case series 16 Mixed II-IV SRS Median 35 months  
Koo et al. [121] (2024) Korea Cohort 154 Mixed I-V Gamma knife SRS Mean 52.1 months  
Fang et al. [122] (2022) China Case series 150 Mixed I-V Multimodality 30 days  
Miyachi et al. [123] (2017) Japan Cohort 73 Mixed I-V Multimodality 3 years  
Raymond et al. [124] (2005) Canada Cohort 227 Mixed NR Multimodality Mean 32 months  
Elewa [125] (2018) Egypt Case series 21 Supratentorial II Endovascular embolization Mean 45.5 months  
Nagashima et al. [126] (2004) Japan Cohort 126 Mixed I-V Multimodality NR  
Sugiu et al. [127] (2004) Japan Cohort 68 Mixed I-IV Endovascular embolization NR  
Wang et al. [128] (2021) China Cohort 38 Mixed IV-V Multimodality Median 4.5 months  
He et al. [129] (2022) China Cohort 27 Supratentorial I-IV Endovascular embolization Median 36 months  
Zeng et al. [130] (2022) China Cohort 132 Mixed I-IV Multimodality NR  
Maalim et al. [131] (2023) China Cohort 169 Mixed I-V Surgery Mean 28 months  
Miron et al. [132] (2024) Romania Cohort 191 Mixed I-V Surgery Mean 28 months  
Li et al. [133] (2005) China Cohort 469 NR I-V Endovascular embolization NR  
Behzadi et al. [134] (2022) USA Cohort 30 Mixed I-V Endovascular embolization Mean 39 months  
Hashim et al. [135] (2016) Malaysia Cohort 13 Mixed I-IV Endovascular embolization NR  
Song et al. [136] (2005) China Case series 50 Mixed NR Onyx embolization 6 months  
Bai et al. [137] (2019) China Case series 11 Supratentorial I-III Endovascular embolization Mean 17 months  
Hong et al. [138] (2024) South Korea Cohort 55 Mixed I-II Surgery 90 days  
Yu et al. [139] (2025) China Cohort 213 Mixed I-V Multimodality Mean 49.9 months  
De Witt et al. [140] (2021) USA Cohort 956 NR NR Gamma knife SRS 30 days  
Morgan et al. [141] (2000) Australia Cohort 250 Mixed I-V Multimodality 12 months