Table 2. Summary of outcomes across AVM treatment modalities.

Values represent ranges synthesized from the studies included in this systematic review and are based on extracted data. Reported rates summarize outcomes across eligible studies evaluating surgical resection, endovascular therapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, and multimodal treatment for cerebral AVMs. Data were derived from multiple sources including Zhu et al. [13], Shah et al. [15], Abla et al. [31], Sanchez-Mejia et al. [32], Peciu-Florianu et al. [66], Huo et al. [69], Esteves et al. [76], Chen et al. [104], Yan et al. [110], Shuto and Matsunaga [113], Choe et al. [115], Lee et al. [116], Winkler et al. [119], Koo et al. [121], Zeng et al. [130], Morgan et al. [141]

AVM: arteriovenous malformation; mRS: modified Rankin Scale

Outcome	Surgical resection	Endovascular therapy	Radiosurgery	Multimodal
Complete obliteration (%)	78-100	5-92	22-100	90-100
Overall complication rate (%)	6.8-60	11.8-25	7-36	6-20
Mortality (%)	0-13.3	0-2	0-1	0-5
Favorable functional outcome (mRS 0-2, %)	4.9-92.9	71-95.5	80-95	72-92
follow-up duration (years)	0.25-10	0.25-11	1.25-15	0.17-20