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. 2026 Aug 18;17:1919103. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1919103

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Copyright © 2026 Wang, Chen, Zhang, Xie, Zhu, Nurpulat and Sun.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot graphic showing adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95 percent confidence intervals on a logarithmic scale for factors such as vaccination doses, ethnicity, region, and migrant status. Key findings include significantly increased odds for zero vaccine doses versus two (AOR 24.73), interval per year increase (AOR 1.11), and being from Xinjiang versus Jiangsu (AOR 1.73). Uyghur ethnicity versus Han shows reduced odds (AOR 0.54). Other comparisons, including Kazakh ethnicity, other ethnicities, migrant status, and three or more doses, are not statistically significant. — Multivariable forest plot of parametric predictors driving measles seronegativity. Derived from fully adjusted multivariable logistic regression modeling; independent markers are plotted on a logarithmic scale with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals.