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. 2026 Aug 19;14:1884058. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1884058

Figure 1.

Flowchart illustrating a systematic review process: records retrieved from PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, narrowed down through removal of duplicates, title-based exclusions, missing reports, and ineligible articles, culminating in fifty-two studies included in meta-analysis.

Flow diagram of the study selection process. A total of 14,913 records were identified, 6,260 duplicates were removed, 417 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 52 studies were included in the quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis).