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. 2026 Aug 19;14:1884058. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1884058

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Copyright © 2026 Hu, Sun, Mao, Tian and Shang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot chart summarizing prevalence data from fifty-two studies by various subgroups, including sex, survey period, WHO regions, HDI levels, sample size, study design, diagnostic criteria, and data source, with each subgroup’s prevalence per one hundred, confidence interval, I^2 statistic, and p value displayed in a table format alongside horizontal bars indicating prevalence estimates and confidence intervals. — Forest plot of the overall and subgroup pooled reported prevalence of Alzheimer's disease. Results are presented by sex, survey period, World Health Organization region, Human Development Index level, sample size, study design, diagnostic criteria, and data source. Markers represent pooled prevalence estimates, and horizontal lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. I² and Q-test p-values describe within-subgroup heterogeneity, whereas p-values for subgroup analysis indicate differences between subgroups. Estimates were calculated using a random-effects model with the Freeman–Tukey double-arcsine transformation and were back-transformed to prevalence per 100 population.