Table 2.

Measurement model results: standardized loadings, convergent validity, and reliability.

Construct	Items	Std. loadings (range)	AVE	CR	Cronbach’s α
Psychological needs (PN)	12	0.819–0.902	0.766	0.975	0.975
Participation motivation (PM)	18	0.851–0.890	0.755	0.982	0.982
Behavioral intention (BI)	10	0.853–0.910	0.773	0.971	0.971
Social media use (SMU)	5	0.810–0.894	0.757	0.939	0.939

All standardized loadings significant at p < 0.001. Model fit: χ² (939) = 14841.60, p < 0.001; χ²/df = 15.81; CFI = 0.886; TLI = 0.879; RMSEA = 0.086, 90% CI [0.085, 0.087]; SRMR = 0.039. AVE, average variance extracted; CR, composite reliability.