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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Sep 3.
Published before final editing as: BMJ Qual Saf. 2026 Jul 12:bmjqs-2025-019061. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2025-019061

Table 2.

Participant Characteristics

M (SD)
Age
 Mean (SD) 45.9 (10.6)
 Range 30 – 76
Years of Experience in Emergency Medicine since Completing Residency
 Mean (SD) 14.22 (9.89)
 Range 1 – 42
Stress from Uncertainty (SUS)
 Mean (SD) 4.04 (1.12)
 Range 1 – 6
N (%)
Gender
 Male 98 (73.1)
 Female 35 (26.1)
 Prefer not to respond 1 (0.7)
Race/Ethnicity
 White 113 (84.3)
 Asian 7 (5.2)
 Black 7 (5.2)
 Hispanic 2 (1.5)
 White, Hispanic 2 (1.5)
 American Indian or Alaskan Native 1 (0.7)
 Other 1 (0.7)
 Prefer not to respond 1 (0.7)
Education
 Doctor of Medicine (MD) 123 (91.8)
 Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) 9 (6.7)
 MD/DO Not Specified 2 (1.5)
Practice Type
 Community Hospital 90 (67.2)
 University Hospital 24 (17.9)
 University Hospital & Community Hospital 10 (7.5)
 Community Hospital & Private Practice 4 (3.0)
 Private Practice 4 (3.0)
 Other 2 (1.5)